{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:16:57Z","timestamp":1763727417956,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An underwater imaging system was investigated for automotive use in highly scattered underwater environments. The purpose of the system is the driver\u2019s information about hidden obstacles, such as stones, driftwood, open sewer hatches. A comparison of various underwater vision methods was presented by the way they are implemented, the range reached, and the cost of implementation. It has been experimentally shown that a conventional active system can provide a maximum visibility range of up to three light attenuation lengths. In most practical cases of turbid waters during floods, this corresponds to distances of about 1 meter. From the presented analysis it follows that advanced extended range imaging methods allow increasing of the visibility range up to 2 meters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T05:47:45Z","timestamp":1545112065000},"page":"4476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Underwater Optical Imaging for Automotive Wading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8295-4734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Bystrov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Hoare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Gashinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Cherniakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuy-Yung","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, Coventry CV3 4LF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jimenez, F. 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