{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T18:25:22Z","timestamp":1778178322362,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014438","name":"Business Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5THGEAR, TAKE-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5THGEAR, TAKE-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The IoT protocols used for data transfer in the application layer, namely the Constraint Application Protocol (CoAP) and Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) have dependencies to the transport layer. The choice of transport, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), on the other hand, has an impact on the Internet of Things (IoT) application level performance, especially over a wireless medium. Furthermore, we touch upon the impact of different security solutions. The motivation of this work is to look at the impact of the protocol stack on performance over a narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) link. The use case studied is infrequent small reports sent from the sensor device to a central cloud storage over a last mile radio access link. We find that while CoAP\/UDP based transport performs consistently better both in terms of latency, coverage, and system capacity, MQTT\/TCP also works when the system is less loaded.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T12:54:36Z","timestamp":1545310476000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Impact of CoAP and MQTT on NB-IoT System Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4784-6401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Larmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ericsson Research, 02420 Jorvas, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Ratilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ericsson Research, 02420 Jorvas, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Saarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ukkoverkot, 00180 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7263375","article-title":"Toward better horizontal integration among IoT services","volume":"53","author":"Khreishah","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IETF (2018, November 30). IPv6 over Low Power Wide-Area Networks (lpwan). Available online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/wg\/lpwan\/about\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., and Kunz, T. (2016, January 11\u201313). Performance evaluation of IoT protocols under a constrained wireless access network. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Selected Topics in Mobile & Wireless Networking (MoWNeT), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/MoWNet.2016.7496622"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collina, M., Bartolucci, M., Vanelli-Coralli, A., and Corazza, G.E. (2014, January 8\u201310). Internet of Things application layer protocol analysis over error and delay prone links. 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Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc8323.","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8323"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2014). MQTT, OASIS Standard. version 3.1.1."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Chu, J., Radhakrishnan, S., and Jain, A. (TCP Fast Open, 2014). TCP Fast Open, Internet Requests for Comments, RFC 7413; RFC Editor.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc7413"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2017.1700082","article-title":"Overview of 3GPP Release 14 Enhanced NB-IoT","volume":"31","author":"Hoglund","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"3rd Generation Partnership Project, and Technical Specification Group GSM\/EDGE Radio Access Network (1999). 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Rev."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/7\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:35:12Z","timestamp":1760196912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s19010007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19010007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]}}}