{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:08:29Z","timestamp":1760242109033,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61571048","61431004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61571048","61431004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sparse arrays can fix array aperture with a reduced number of elements to maintain resolution while reducing cost. However, grating lobe suppression, high peak side-lobe level reduction (PSLL), and constraints on the location of the array elements in the practical deployment of arrays are challenging problems. Based on simulated annealing, the element locations of a sparse planar array in smart ocean applications with minimum spacing and geographic constraints are optimized in this paper by minimizing the sum of PSLL. The robustness of the deployment-optimized spare planar array with mis-calibration is further considered. Numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T12:54:36Z","timestamp":1545310476000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of Sparse Planar Arrays with Minimum Spacing and Geographic Constraints in Smart Ocean Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shijie","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Feng-Xiang","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Xianxiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Guolong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Acoustic Environment, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3554707","article-title":"Long-range acoustic communication in deep water using a towed array","volume":"129","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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