{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T16:11:11Z","timestamp":1760199071918,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["731778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["731778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present WaterSpy, a project developing an innovative, compact, cost-effective photonic device for pervasive water quality sensing, operating in the mid-IR spectral range. The approach combines the use of advanced Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs) employing the Vernier effect, used as light source, with novel, fibre-coupled, fast and sensitive Higher Operation Temperature (HOT) photodetectors, used as sensors. These will be complemented by optimised laser driving and detector electronics, laser modulation and signal conditioning technologies. The paper presents the WaterSpy concept, the requirements elicited, the preliminary architecture design of the device, the use cases in which it will be validated, while highlighting the innovative technologies that contribute to the advancement of the current state of the art.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T12:14:49Z","timestamp":1545394489000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["WaterSpy: A High Sensitivity, Portable Photonic Device for Pervasive Water Quality Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4064-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Doulamis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15773 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0632-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Voulodimos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15773 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Anastasios","family":"Doulamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15773 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Matthaios","family":"Bimpas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15773 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15773 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Bakalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15773 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Giusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus Research and Innovation Center Ltd. (CyRIC), 2414 Nicosia, Cyprus"}]},{"given":"Panayiotis","family":"Philimis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus Research and Innovation Center Ltd. (CyRIC), 2414 Nicosia, Cyprus"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Varriale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Ausili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sabato","family":"D\u2019Auria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Lampropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.U.G. Signals Hellas (AUG), 10674 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Baer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6615-370X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Schmauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien (TUW), 1060 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Lendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien (TUW), 1060 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"M\u0142ynarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIGO Systems SA (VIGO), 05-850 O\u017car\u00f3w Mazowiecki, Poland"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Sosna-G\u0142\u0119bska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIGO Systems SA (VIGO), 05-850 O\u017car\u00f3w Mazowiecki, Poland"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Trajnerowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIGO Systems SA (VIGO), 05-850 O\u017car\u00f3w Mazowiecki, Poland"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Pawluczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIGO Systems SA (VIGO), 05-850 O\u017car\u00f3w Mazowiecki, Poland"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"\u017bbik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIGO Systems SA (VIGO), 05-850 O\u017car\u00f3w Mazowiecki, Poland"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Ku\u0142akowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIGO Systems SA (VIGO), 05-850 O\u017car\u00f3w Mazowiecki, Poland"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Georgiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alpes Lasers SA (ALPES), 2072 St Blaise, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Blaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alpes Lasers SA (ALPES), 2072 St Blaise, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Bazzurro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IREN Gruppo S.p.A. 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