{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T04:37:35Z","timestamp":1768970255065,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,25]],"date-time":"2018-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017R1A5A1015596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1A5A1015596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"Institute for Information and communications Technology Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-0-00208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-0-00208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a distributed energy-efficient clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Based on low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol, the proposed LEACH-eXtended Message-Passing (LEACH-XMP) substantially improves a cluster formation algorithm, which is critical for WSN operations. Unlike the previous approaches, a realistic non-linear energy consumption model is considered, which renders the clustering optimization highly nonlinear and challenging. To this end, a state-of-the-art message-passing approach is introduced to develop an efficient distributed algorithm. The main benefits of the proposed technique are its inherent nature of a distributed algorithm and the saving of computational load imposed for each node. Thus, it proves useful for a practical deployment. In addition, the proposed algorithm rapidly converges to a very accurate solution within a few iterations. Simulation results ensure that the proposed LEACH-XMP maximizes the network lifetime and outperforms existing techniques consistently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T04:29:54Z","timestamp":1545798594000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Enhanced Message-Passing Based LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1048-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeyoung","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3943-4781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Illsoo","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5385-2061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.814918","article-title":"Sensor networks: Evolution, opportunities, and challenges","volume":"91","author":"Chong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. 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