{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:08:39Z","timestamp":1760242119036,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korean government","award":["18TLRP-C113269-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18TLRP-C113269-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to estimate the roll angle of a rotating vehicle, an enhanced rotation locked loop (RLL) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The RLL algorithm estimates the roll angle by using the property that the power of the GPS signal measured at the receiver of a rotating vehicle changes periodically. However, in case the received GPS power is decreased, the performance of the conventional RLL algorithm degrades, or it cannot estimate the roll angle anymore, therefore, for operating the RLL algorithm in a weak signal environment, this paper designs a method to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by overlapping multiple GPS signals\u2019 correlator outputs and a method to compensate the decreased response of a rotation discriminator at low-signal strength. Through computer simulations, the performance of the proposed algorithm is verified and it is shown that the roll angle can be estimated stably even at a weak signal environment down to 29 dB\u2013Hz of C\/N0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,27]],"date-time":"2018-12-27T11:29:43Z","timestamp":1545910183000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design of Enhanced Rotation Locked Loop for Roll Angle Estimation of Rotating Vehicle in a Weak GPS Signal Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hun Cheol","family":"Im","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Korea"}]},{"given":"Deok Won","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Navigation Team, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9400-5157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kaplan, E.D., and Hegarty, C.J. (2006). Understanding GPS Principles and Applications, Artech House, Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Doty, J.H. (2001, January 11\u201313). Advanced Spinning-Vehicle Navigation\u2014A New Technique in Navigation on Munitions. Proceedings of the ION 57th Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, NM, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Doty, J.H., and McGraw, G.A. (2003). Spinning Vehicle Navigation Using Apparent Modulation of Navigation Signals. (6520448 B1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Doty, J.H., Anderson, D.A., and Bybee, T.B. (2004, January 26\u201328). A Demonstration of Advanced Spinning-Vehicle Navigation. Proceedings of the ION NTM 2004, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3182\/20070625-5-FR-2916.00010","article-title":"Roll Angle Estimation for Smart Munitions","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. IFAC"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"529","article-title":"Signal Tracking Method of GNSS Receivers for Spinning Vehicles","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"IJCAS"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Choi, H.H. (2015). Roll Angle Estimation Technique Based RLL Using Satellite Navigation Signal. [Ph.D. Thesis, Chungnam National University]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Im, H.C., Choi, Y.S., and Lee, S.J. (2016, January 11\u201314). Spin Effects of GPS Signals on a Multi-Antenna Mounted Vehicle. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Savannah, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2016.7479715"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"867","article-title":"GPS Signal Tracking on a Multi-antenna Mounted Spinning Vehicle by Compensating for the Spin Effect","volume":"16","author":"Im","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJCAS"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Misra, P., and Enge, P. (2011). Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements, and Performance, Ganga-Jamuna Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pini, M., Falletti, E., and Fantino, M. (2008, January 25\u201328). Performance Evaluation of C\/N0 Estimators Using a Real Time GNSS Software Receiver. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, Bologna, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSSTA.2008.12"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/80\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:36:15Z","timestamp":1760196975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/80"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s19010080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19010080","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]]}}}