{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:13:36Z","timestamp":1772802816014,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61376099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61376099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61434007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61434007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61504100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61504100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a new electro-optical switch modulator based on the surface plasmon polaritons of graphene is proposed. An air\u2013graphene-substrate\u2013dielectric structure is adopted in the modulator. In this structure, the graphene is considered as a film of metal whose thickness tends to be infinitesimal. By changing the external voltage, the boundary conditions can be changed to decide whether the surface plasmon polariton waves can be excited in mid-infrared band. Because of this effect, the structure can be used as an electro\u2013optical switch modulator, whose modulation depth is about 100% in theory. Finally, the 3 dB bandwidth (~34 GHz) and the energy loss (36.47 fJ\/bit) of the electro\u2013optical switch modulator are given, whose low energy loss is very suitable for engineering applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T11:52:42Z","timestamp":1545997962000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A New Electro-Optical Switch Modulator Based on the Surface Plasmon Polaritons of Graphene in Mid-Infrared Band"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3191-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8560-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shulong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2605-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yindi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6576-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4547-0666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.000963","article-title":"Electric-current-induced unidirectional propagation of surface plasmon-polaritons","volume":"43","author":"Bliokh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. 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