{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T17:45:53Z","timestamp":1772300753476,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61575014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61575014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4162038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4162038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel sensing peak identification method for high accuracy refractive index (RI) sensing is proposed. The implementation takes the intensity of interference maximum as the characteristic to distinguish interference peaks, tracking the sensing peak continually during a RI changes, with high measurement accuracy and simple computation. To verify the effect of the method, the extrinsic Fabry\u2013Perot interferometer (EFPI) sensor has been fabricated using the large lateral offset splicing technique. In the RI range from 1.346 to 1.388, the measurement range of the EFPI with the proposed method reaches at least 6 times larger than that of EFPI with the wavelength tracking method and the largest measurement error is \u22124.47 \u00d7 10\u22124. The EFPI refractive index (RI) sensor identified the sensing peak is believed to play an important role in RI, concentration and density sensing, etc., for superior performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T11:52:42Z","timestamp":1545997962000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Sensing Peak Identification Method for Fiber Extrinsic Fabry\u2013Perot Interferometric Refractive Index Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Bowen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8887-5535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biyao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yiheng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yanxiong","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.03.044","article-title":"High sensitivity temperature sensor based on fiber air-microbubble Fabry-Perot interferometer with PDMS-filled hollow-core fiber","volume":"275","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"056104","article-title":"Temperature dependence of microhole-based fiber Fabry\u2013Perot interferometric sensors fabricated by excimer laser","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2843885","article-title":"Optical Fiber-Tip Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot Interferometric Pressure Sensor Based on an In Situ \u03bc-Printed Air Cavity","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.004211","article-title":"Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot pressure sensor based on low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology for high-temperature applications","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.04.041","article-title":"\u201cBellows spring-shaped\u201d ultrasensitive fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometric strain sensor","volume":"277","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2797104","article-title":"A Fabry\u2013Perot Interferometer Strain Sensor Based on Concave-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber","volume":"36","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majchrowicz, D., Hirsch, M., Wierzba, P., Bechelany, M., Viter, R., and J\u0119drzejewska-Szczerska, M. (2016). Application of Thin ZnO ALD Layers in Fiber-Optic Fabry-P\u00e9rot Sensing Interferometers. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030416"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirsch, M., Majchrowicz, D., Wierzba, P., Weber, M., Bechelany, M., and J\u0119drzejewska-Szczerska, M. (2017). Low-Coherence Interferometric Fiber-Optic Sensors with Potential Applications as Biosensors. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020261"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"077103","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.53.7.077103","article-title":"Determination of refractive index dispersion using fiber-optic low-coherence Fabry\u2013Perot interferometer: implementation and validation","volume":"53","author":"Karpienko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.12.123","article-title":"Temperature-compensated fiber-optic Fabry\u2013Perot interferometric gas refractive-index sensor based on hollow silica tube for high-temperature application","volume":"244","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2010.2065215","article-title":"High-Resolution and Temperature-Insensitive Fiber Optic Refractive Index Sensor Based on Fresnel Reflection Modulated by Fabry\u2013Perot Interference","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105207","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/24\/10\/105207","article-title":"Optical measurement of the gas number density in a Fabry\u2013Perot cavity","volume":"24","author":"Isak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034029","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3153848","article-title":"Glucose concentration monitoring using a small Fabry-Perot etalon","volume":"14","author":"Martini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19960174","article-title":"Wavelength-tracked white light interferometry for highly sensitive strain and temperature measurements","volume":"32","author":"Bhatia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2797202","article-title":"Unambiguous Peak Recognition for a Silicon Fabry-Perot Interferometric Temperature Sensor","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/7\/4\/016","article-title":"A multiplexed optical fibre-based extrinsic Fabry-Perot sensor system for in-situ strain monitoring in composites","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.000536","article-title":"Miniaturized fiber inline Fabry-Perot interferometer fabricated with a femtosecond laser","volume":"33","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.002821","article-title":"Development of an in-fiber white-light interferometric distance sensor for absolute measurement of arbitrary small distances","volume":"47","author":"Majumdar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1613958","article-title":"Novel data processing techniques for dispersive white light interferometer","volume":"42","author":"Qi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.29.001736","article-title":"Signal-processing algorithm for white-light optical fiber extrinsic Fabry\u2013Perot interferometric sensors","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1150453","article-title":"A frequency division multiplexed low-finesse fiber optic Fabry\u2013Perot sensor system for strain and displacement measurements","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2007.912567","article-title":"Fourier Transform White-Light Interferometry for the Measurement of Fiber-Optic Extrinsic Fabry\u2013P\u00c9rot Interferometric Sensors","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.18.000078","article-title":"White-light interferometric multimode fiber-optic strain sensor","volume":"18","author":"Belleville","year":"1993","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2018.07.018","article-title":"Enhancing refractive index sensitivity using micro-tapered long-period fiber grating inscribed in biconical tapered fiber","volume":"45","author":"Navruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2018.08.002","article-title":"High sensitivity and low loss open-cavity Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on multimode interference coupling for refractive index measurement","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.06.030","article-title":"Refractive index sensor based on inline Mach-Zehnder interferometer coated with hafnium oxide by atomic layer deposition","volume":"236","author":"Melo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102202","DOI":"10.7567\/APEX.11.102202","article-title":"Ultrahigh-sensitivity refractive-index sensor based on gold-coated side-polished photonic crystal fiber","volume":"11","author":"Xinyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/96\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:36:29Z","timestamp":1760196989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/96"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s19010096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19010096","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]]}}}