{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:29:51Z","timestamp":1772252991509,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) gyro is one of the extensively used inertia sensors in the field of optical target tracking (OTT). However, velocity closed-loop bandwidth of the OTT system is limited due to the resonance and measurement range issues of MEMS gyro. In this paper, the generalized sensor fusion framework, named the closed-loop fusion (CLF), is analyzed, and the optimal design principle of filter is proposed in detail in order to improve measurement of the bandwidth of MEMS gyro by integrating information of MEMS accelerometers. The fusion error optimization problem, which is the core issue of fusion design, can be solved better through the feedback compensation law of CLF framework and fusion filter optimal design. Differently from conventional methods, the fusion filter of CLF can be simply and accurately designed, and the determination of superposition of fusion information can also be effectively avoided. To show the validity of the proposed method, both sensor fusion simulations and closed-loop experiments of optical target tracking system have yielded excellent results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T03:36:30Z","timestamp":1546486590000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimal Design Based on Closed-Loop Fusion for Velocity Bandwidth Expansion of Optical Target Tracking System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1785-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9753-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins, R.J., Chen, H.J., Agrawal, B.N., and Shin, Y.S. (2004, January 16). Optical Beam Jitter Control. Proceedings of the SPIE 5338, Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVI, Bellingham, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.529457"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cochran, R.W., and Vassar, R.H. (1990, January 16\u201319). Fast Steering Mirrors in Optical Control Systems. Proceedings of the SPIE 1303, Advances in Optical Structure Systems, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.21507"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Portillo, A.A., Ortiz, G.G., and Racho, C. (2001, January 10\u201317). Fine pointing control for optical communications. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8542), Big Sky, MT, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2012.08.023","article-title":"Theoretical and experimental determination of bandwidth for a two-axis fast steering mirror","volume":"124","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"510","article-title":"Acceleration feedback of a CCD-based tracking loop for fast steering mirror","volume":"48","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, C., Tang, T., Mao, Y., and Ren, G. (2017). Enhanced Disturbance Observer based on Acceleration Measurement for Fast Steering Mirror Systems. IEEE Photonics J., 9.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPCon.2017.8116090"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040440","article-title":"Application of MEMS Accelerometers and Gyroscopes in Fast Steering Mirror Control Systems","volume":"16","author":"Jing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortino, G., Ghasemzadeh, H., Gravina, R., Liu, P.X., Poon, C.C., and Wang, Z. (2018). Advances in Multi-Sensor Fusion for Body Sensor Networks: Algorithms, Architectures, and Applications: Guest Editorial, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2018.01.012"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2514\/1.22452","article-title":"Survey of nonlinear attitude estimation methods","volume":"30","author":"Crassidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control Dyn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.08.009","article-title":"Precise end-effector pose estimation in spatial cable-driven parallel robots with elastic cables using a data fusion method","volume":"130","author":"Korayem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Xu, M., Li, X., Wu, T., Tuo, W., Wu, J., and Dong, J. (2018). Error Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Angular Rate Sensor Combing with Coriolis Effect at Low Frequency. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061921"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31606","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229869","article-title":"Theoretical and experimental study of radial velocity generation for extending bandwidth of magnetohydrodynamic angular rate sensor at low frequency","volume":"15","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Algrain, M.C., Powers, R.M., and Woehrer, M.K. (August, January 30). Extended-bandwidth spacecraft attitude determination using gyros and linear accelerometers. Proceedings of the Optical Spectroscopic Techniques and Instrumentation for Atmospheric and Space Research II, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Marins, J.L., Yun, X., Bachmann, E.R., McGhee, R.B., and Zyda, M.J. (November, January 29). An extended Kalman filter for quaternion-based orientation estimation using MARG sensors. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180), Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2018.03.053","article-title":"Kalman filter for mobile-robot attitude estimation: Novel optimized and adaptive solutions","volume":"110","author":"Odry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasiadek, J., and Hartana, P. (2000, January 10\u201313). Sensor data fusion using Kalman filter. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Information Fusion.","DOI":"10.1109\/IFIC.2000.859866"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1117\/12.166907","article-title":"Gyroless line-of-sight stabilization for pointing and tracking systems","volume":"33","author":"Algrain","year":"1994","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:23:12Z","timestamp":1760185392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s19010133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19010133","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201811.0497.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]}}}