{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T03:36:35Z","timestamp":1768707395117,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13N13711 and 13N13712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13N13711 and 13N13712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For performing point-of-care molecular diagnostics, magnetic immunoassays constitute a promising alternative to established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) because they are fast, robust and sensitive. Simultaneous detection of multiple biomolecular targets from one body fluid sample is desired. The aim of this work is to show that multiplex magnetic immunodetection based on magnetic frequency mixing by means of modular immunofiltration columns prepared for different targets is feasible. By calculations of the magnetic response signal, the required spacing between the modules was determined. Immunofiltration columns were manufactured by 3D printing and antibody immobilization was performed in a batch approach. It was shown experimentally that two different target molecules in a sample solution could be individually detected in a single assaying step with magnetic measurements of the corresponding immobilization filters. The arrangement order of the filters and of a negative control did not influence the results. Thus, a simple and reliable approach to multi-target magnetic immunodetection was demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T11:11:56Z","timestamp":1546513916000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["3D Printed Modular Immunofiltration Columns for Frequency Mixing-Based Multiplex Magnetic Immunodetection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0666-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Achtsnicht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"T\u00f6dter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Niehues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Tel\u00f6ken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6143-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Offenh\u00e4usser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Joachim","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2490-3728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Schr\u00f6per","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b00420","article-title":"Detecting biothreat agents: From current diagnostics to developing sensor technologies","volume":"3","author":"Walper","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.07.033","article-title":"Recent advances in recognition elements of food and environmental biosensors: A review","volume":"26","author":"Mehta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. 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