{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T07:58:56Z","timestamp":1774598336042,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]],"date-time":"2019-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUP-2017-095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2017-095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an oval-shaped sensor design for the measurement of glucose concentration in aqueous solution. This unit cell sensing device is inspired by metamaterial properties and is analytically described for better parametric study. The mechanism of the sensor is a sensing layer with varying permittivity placed between two nozzle-shaped microstrip lines. Glucose aqueous solutions were characterized considering the water dielectric constant, from 55 to 87, and were identified with a transmission coefficient at 3.914 GHz optimal frequency with double negative (DNG) metamaterial properties. Consequently, the sensitivity of the sensor was estimated at 0.037 GHz\/(30 mg\/dL) glucose solution. The design and analysis of this sensor was performed using the finite integration technique (FIT)-based Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio simulation software. Additionally, parametric analysis of the sensing characteristics was conducted using experimental verification for the justification. The performance of the proposed sensor demonstrates the potential application scope for glucose level identification in aqueous solutions regarding qualitative analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T03:06:06Z","timestamp":1547003166000},"page":"169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Left-Handed Metamaterial-Inspired Unit Cell for S-Band Glucose Sensing Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Tariqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahasanul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali F.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3250-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nowshad","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). World Health Organization Diabetes Fact Sheet, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Qu, Z., Jin, H., Liu, S., Luo, Y., and Zheng, Y. (2018, January 27\u201330). Noninvasive glucose measurement by microwave biosensor with accuracy enhancement. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2018.8351711"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993). The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med., 329, 977\u2013986.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2008.0005","article-title":"The technology behind glucose meters: Test strips","volume":"10","author":"Surridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Clarke, R., Gregory, A., Cannell, D., Patrick, M., Wylie, S., Youngs, I., and Hill, G. (2003). A Guide to the Characterisation of Dielectric Materials at RF and Microwave Frequencies, NPL."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-h-2.1987.0068","article-title":"Dielectric measurements with an open-ended coaxial probe","volume":"134","author":"Marsland","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEE Proc. H Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Chretiennot, T., Dubuc, D., and Grenier, K. (2013, January 6\u201311). Optimized electromagnetic interaction microwave resonator\/microfluidic channel for enhanced liquid bio-sensor. Proceedings of the 2013 European Microwave Conference (EuMC), Nuremberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapilevich, B., and Litvak, B. (2007, January 11\u201314). Microwave sensor for accurate measurements of water solution concentrations. Proceedings of the 2007 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC 2007), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/APMC.2007.4554682"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2031388","article-title":"A microwave dielectric biosensor based on suspended distributed mems transmission lines","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2244035","article-title":"A microwave resonant sensor for concentration measurements of liquid solutions","volume":"13","author":"Gennarelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3097015","article-title":"High sensitivity microwave characterization of organic molecule solutions of nanoliter volume","volume":"94","author":"Shaforost","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"086107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2968115","article-title":"Microwave dielectric resonator biosensor for aqueous glucose solution","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guarin, A., Hofmann, M., Weigel, R., Fischer, G., and Kissinger, D. (2013, January 2\u20137). Determination of sugar concentration in aqueous solutions using ultra-wideband microwave impedance spectroscopy. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (IMS), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2013.6697563"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwerthoeffer, U., Weigel, R., and Kissinger, D. (2013, January 9\u201311). A highly sensitive glucose biosensor based on a microstrip ring resonator. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (IMWS-BIO), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMWS-BIO.2013.6756148"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44762","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44762","article-title":"Enhancing the sensitivity of magnetic sensors by 3d metamaterial shells","volume":"7","author":"Navau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073702","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4909545","article-title":"Complex permittivity characterization of serum with an air-bridge enhanced capacitor for quantifiable detection of glucose","volume":"106","author":"Dhakal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7807","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07807","article-title":"Rapid, sensitive, and reusable detection of glucose by a robust radiofrequency integrated passive device biosensor chip","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.07.020","article-title":"Recent advances in metamaterial split-ring-resonator circuits as biosensors and therapeutic agents","volume":"86","author":"RoyChoudhury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Bahl, I.J. (2003). Lumped Elements for RF and Microwave Circuits, Artech house."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Terman, F.E. (1943). Radio Engineers\u2019 Handbook, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"337","article-title":"A new direct retrieval method of refractive index for the metamaterial","volume":"109","author":"Islam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2132798","article-title":"Double negative metamaterial sensor based on microring resonator","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.04.091","article-title":"Realization of accurate blood glucose sensor using photonics based metamaterial","volume":"168","author":"Sethi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.13164\/re.2015.0877","article-title":"A microwave metamaterial inspired sensor for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Vrba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chretiennot, T., Dubuc, D., and Grenier, K. (2016). Microwave-based microfluidic sensor for non-destructive and quantitative glucose monitoring in aqueous solution. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101733"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sathyanath, D., Jayakrishnan, M., Thushara, H., Mridula, S., and Mohanan, P. (2015, January 2\u20134). Microwave based biosensor for blood glucose monitoring. Proceedings of the 2015 Fifth International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communications (ICACC), Kochi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACC.2015.56"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075601","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aaa5c5","article-title":"An eng resonator-based microwave sensor for the characterization of aqueous glucose","volume":"51","author":"Kumari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.46991\/PYSU:A\/2018.52.2.144","article-title":"Determination of glucose concentration in aqueous solution by using modified hilbert shaped microwave metamaterial sensor","volume":"52","author":"Parsamyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. YSU Phys. Math."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharafadinzadeh, N., Abdolrazzaghi, M., and Daneshmand, M. (2017, January 20\u201322). Highly sensitive microwave split ring resonator sensor using gap extension for glucose sensing. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP), Pavia, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMWS-AMP.2017.8247400"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/169\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:23:42Z","timestamp":1760185422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s19010169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19010169","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]]}}}