{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:31:12Z","timestamp":1760239872600,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,6]],"date-time":"2019-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>ICCD cameras can record low light events with extreme temporal resolution. Thus, they are used in a variety of bio-medical applications for single photon time of flight measurements and LIDAR measurements. In this paper, we present a method which allows improvement of the temporal resolution of ICCD cameras down to 10 ps (from the native 200 ps of our model), thus placing ICCD cameras at a better temporal resolution than SPAD cameras and in direct competition with streak cameras. The higher temporal resolution can serve for better tracking and visualization of the information carried in time-of-flight measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T03:06:06Z","timestamp":1547003166000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Time-of-Flight Imaging at 10 ps Resolution with an ICCD Camera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Cester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Braidotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Faccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22098","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.022098","article-title":"Kilometer-range depth imaging at 1550 nm wavelength using an InGaAs\/InP single-photon avalanche diode detector","volume":"21","author":"McCarthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33911","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.033911","article-title":"Underwater depth imaging using time-correlated single-photon counting","volume":"23","author":"Maccarone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30146","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.030146","article-title":"Wavelength-time coding for multispectral 3D imaging using single-photon LiDAR","volume":"26","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23822","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.023822","article-title":"Photon counting compressive depth mapping","volume":"21","author":"Howland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12046","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12046","article-title":"Photon-efficient imaging with a single-photon camera","volume":"7","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246775","article-title":"First-photon imaging","volume":"343","author":"Kirmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6021","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7021","article-title":"Single-photon sensitive light-in-fight imaging","volume":"6","author":"Gariepy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14005","article-title":"Single-shot compressed ultrafast photography at one hundred billion frames per second","volume":"516","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054302","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4985059","article-title":"Robust reconstruction of time-resolved diffraction from ultrafast streak cameras","volume":"4","author":"Badali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.005541","article-title":"High-resolution depth profiling using a range-gated CMOS SPAD quanta image sensor","volume":"26","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5913","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6913","article-title":"Imaging with a small number of photons","volume":"6","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073032","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/15\/7\/073032","article-title":"EPR-based ghost imaging using a single-photon-sensitive camera","volume":"15","author":"Aspden","year":"2013","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurenzis, M., Christnacher, F., Monnin, D., and Zielenski, I. (2010, January 5\u20139). 3D range-gated imaging in scattering environments. Proceedings of the Laser Radar Technology and Applications XV, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.849630"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Liu, X., Ren, P., Sun, L., Fan, S., Lei, P., and Zhou, Y. (2016, January 12\u201314). Underwater three-dimensional range-gated laser imaging based on triangular-range-intensity profile spatial-correlation method. Proceedings of the Optoelectronic Imaging and Multimedia Technology IV, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2246449"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"David, O., and Borenstein, Y. (2010). Vehicle Mounted Night Vision Imaging System and Method. (7,733,464), US Patent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830001","DOI":"10.1142\/S179354581830001X","article-title":"Applications of fluorescence lifetime imaging in clinical medicine","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.000705","article-title":"Functional tomography using a time-gated ICCD camera","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp00122g","article-title":"Ir (iii) complex-based oxygen imaging of living cells and ocular fundus with a gated ICCD camera","volume":"17","author":"Akiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pediredla, A.K., Matsuda, N., Cossairt, O., and Veeraraghavan, A. (2017, January 5\u20139). Linear systems approach to identifying performance bounds in indirect imaging. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2017.7953355"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanaev, A., Judd, K., Lebow, P., Watnik, A., Novak, K., and Lindle, J. (2017, January 11\u201314). Pulsed holographic system for imaging through spatially extended scattering media. Proceedings of the Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications XIV, Warsaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2277967"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16015","DOI":"10.2971\/jeos.2016.16015","article-title":"Improving three-dimensional (3D) range gated reconstruction through time-of-flight (TOF) imaging analysis","volume":"11","author":"Chua","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Opt. Soc. Rapid Publ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-013-0668-2","article-title":"Decomposing global light transport using time of flight imaging","volume":"107","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gariepy, G., Tonolini, F., Henderson, R., Leach, J., and Faccio, D. (arXiv, 2015). Tracking hidden objects with a single-photon camera, arXiv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsikouras, A., Peronio, P., Rech, I., Hirmiz, N., Deen, M.J., and Fang, Q. (2016). Characterization of SPAD Array for Multifocal High-Content Screening Applications. Photonics, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics3040056"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10109","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.010109","article-title":"Non-line-of-sight tracking of people at long range","volume":"25","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2005.06.079","article-title":"Time-gated spectral characterization of ultrashort laser pulses","volume":"256","author":"Bragheri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gariepy, G., Leach, J., Warburton, R., Chan, S., Henderson, R., and Faccio, D. (2016, January 26\u201329). Picosecond time-resolved imaging using SPAD cameras. Proceedings of the Emerging Imaging and Sensing Technologies, Edinburgh, UK.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2241184"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105901","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/aacca1","article-title":"A trillion frames per second: The techniques and applications of light-in-flight photography","volume":"81","author":"Faccio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat2298","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat2298","article-title":"Quantum-inspired computational imaging","volume":"361","author":"Altmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22811-x","article-title":"Enhancing the recovery of a temporal sequence of images using joint deconvolution","volume":"8","author":"Caramazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/180\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:23:52Z","timestamp":1760185432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/1\/180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s19010180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19010180","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,6]]}}}