{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:31:21Z","timestamp":1760239881573,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since second-order statistics-based methods rely heavily on Gaussianity assumption and fractional lower-order statistics-based methods depend on a priori knowledge of non-Gaussian noise, there remains a void in wideband bistatic multiple-input\/multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems under impulsive noise. In this paper, a novel method based on Sigmoid transform was used to estimate target parameters, which do not need a priori knowledge of the noise in an impulsive noise environment. Firstly, a novel wideband ambiguity function, termed Sigmoid wideband ambiguity function (Sigmoid-WBAF), is proposed to estimate the Doppler stretch and time delay by searching the peak of the Sigmoid-WBAF. A novel Sigmoid correlation function is proposed. Furthermore, a new MUSIC algorithm based on the Sigmoid correlation function (Sigmoid-MUSIC) is proposed to estimate the direction-of-departure (DOD) and direction-of-arrival (DOA). Then, the boundness of the Sigmoid-WBAF to the symmetric alpha stable (    S \u03b1 S    ) noise, the feasibility analysis of the Sigmoid-WBAF, and complexity analysis of the Sigmoid-WBAF and Sigmoid-MUSIC are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. In addition, the Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound for parameter estimation was derived and computed in closed form, which shows that better performance was achieved. Simulation results and theoretical analyses are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T03:22:31Z","timestamp":1547090551000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Parameter Estimation Based on Sigmoid Transform in Wideband Bistatic MIMO Radar System under Impulsive Noise Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"Nicolas H.","family":"Younan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"},{"name":"Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2007.904812","article-title":"MIMO radar with colocated antennas: Review of some recent work","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. 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