{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T17:10:55Z","timestamp":1763226655526,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intelligent Water Networks","award":["LEG\/12775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEG\/12775"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Penetration testing has been used to measure material properties for over fifty years. Currently, it is under-utilised as a contemporary scientific and engineering tool for investigating the condition of pipes whose inner surface has been exposed to chemical attack. We describe the design, development and calibration of a portable probe which uses a penetrative strain gauge load cell to measure where the semi-solid surface starts and stops within a pipe. We also describe the results of field tests of the probe in concrete sewers, affected by internal corrosion, where the probe proved to be a fast and reliable method for collecting pipe profile information. The results indicate significant benefit in the use of penetrometers to perform concrete sewer condition assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T04:10:16Z","timestamp":1547179816000},"page":"237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Inner Profile Measurement for Pipes Using Penetration Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2796-784X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, La Trobe University, 3086 Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9611-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avinash","family":"Baji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, La Trobe University, 3086 Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Water and Intelligent Water Networks, 3429 Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1139\/t87-044","article-title":"Cone penetration testing in snow","volume":"24","author":"Schaap","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCallum, A.B., Barwise, A., and Santos, R.S. (2014, January 8\u201313). Is the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Useful for Arctic Site Investigation?. Proceedings of the ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/OMAE2014-23029"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"786","article-title":"A portable penetrometer for measuring leaf toughness in insect herbivory studies","volume":"93","author":"Sands","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/5\/9\/001","article-title":"An impact penetrometer for a landing spacecraft","volume":"5","author":"Lorenz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.04.004","article-title":"The confused world of sulfate attack on concrete","volume":"34","author":"Neville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00683","article-title":"The ecology of acidophilic microorganisms in the corroding concrete sewer environment","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ju, J., Weng, L., Mindess, S., and Boyd, A. (1999). Damage assessment and service life prediction of concrete subject to sulfate attack. Materials Science of Concrete: Sulfate Attack Mechanisms, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Lai, F., and Feeney, C. (2008, January 20\u201322). Condition Assessment of Wastewater Collection Systems. Proceedings of the EPA Science Forum, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1177\/02783640022067959","article-title":"PIRAT\u2014A system for quantitative sewer pipe assessment","volume":"19","author":"Kirkham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optical inner profile measurement for pipes and tubes","volume":"6","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Struct. Longev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3189\/1998AoG26-1-107-111","article-title":"A constant-speed penetrometer for high-resolution snow stratigraphy","volume":"26","author":"Schneebeli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(92)90107-F","article-title":"Interactions of Nutrients, Moisture and pH on Microbial Corrosion of Concrete Sewer Pipes","volume":"26","author":"Mori","year":"1992","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"ASABE Standard (2004). ASAE S313.3: Soil Cone Penetrometer, American Society of Agricultrual and Biological Engineers. Standard ASAE S313.3 FEB04."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2013.11.014","article-title":"Investigation into soft-start techniques for driving servos","volume":"24","author":"Ross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mechatronics"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/2\/237\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:24:50Z","timestamp":1760185490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/2\/237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s19020237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19020237","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}}}