{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T15:04:43Z","timestamp":1778684683965,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was supported by the MSIT (Ministry of Science, ICT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information 483 Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2018-2016-0-00313) supervised by the IITP (Institute for 484 Information &amp; communications Technolo","award":["This research was supported by the MSIT (Ministry of Science, ICT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information 483 Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2018-2016-0-00313) supervised by the IITP (Institute for 484 Information & communications Technolo"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This research was supported by the MSIT (Ministry of Science, ICT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information 483 Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2018-2016-0-00313) supervised by the IITP (Institute for 484 Information & communications Technolo"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internet-of-Things (IoT) enabling technologies such as ZigBee, WiFi, 6LowPAN, RFID, Machine-to-Machine, LTE-Advanced, etc. depend on the license-free Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands for the Internet. The proliferation of IoT devices is not only anticipated to create a huge amount of congestion in the near future, but even now the unlicensed spectrum is not enough in the ISM bands. Towards this end, Cognitive Radio (CR) technology can resolve the spectrum shortage issue since CR users can opportunistically exploit white spaces in licensed channels of the adjacent wireless systems. In CR networks, it is critical to coordinate spectrum access among Secondary Users (SUs) while protecting priority rights of Primary Users (PUs). Therein, SUs need to take good care of hidden PUs in order to avoid harmful interference. Further, a densely deployed CR network can compromise spectrum sensing quality and certainty of the results when a large number of SUs contends to access the same channel. Therefore, based on the vulnerable sensing results, SUs can cause interference to the PUs. In this paper, we first investigate the leading issues and then propose a novel Handshake Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (HSMA\/CA) protocol for CR-based IoT networks. Our proposed HSMA\/CA scheme resolves hidden primary terminal problem and maintains sufficient priority rights to PUs in a densely distributed network. In addition, we optimize the spectrum sensing period to maximize the system performance by maintaining peculiarities in the sensing operation like false alarm and misdetection. To evaluate the performance of HSMA\/CA, we have analyzed the protocol through the Markov chain model in terms of throughput and verify its accuracy by simulations. Simulation results show that our scheme is suitable for non-collaborative densely deployed CR-based IoT networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T04:10:16Z","timestamp":1547179816000},"page":"241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Handshake Sense Multiple Access Control for Cognitive Radio-Based IoT Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7337-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shafiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maqbool","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Convergence Business, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Khalil Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5346-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1366-2834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azeem","family":"Irshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science &amp; Software Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7186-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Ghoo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2525418","article-title":"Internet of things in the 5G era: Enablers, architecture, and business models","volume":"34","author":"Palattella","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Evans, D. (2011). The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet is Changing Everything, Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2018, March 10). Whitepaper: IoT Platforms-Enabling the Internet of Things 2016. Available online: https:\/\/www.ihs.com\/Info0416\/internet-of-things.html."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, UN, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/98.788210","article-title":"Cognitive radios: Making software radios more personal","volume":"6","author":"Mitola","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ali, K.A., Rehmani, M.H., and Rachedi, A. (2016, January 5\u20139). When Cognitive Radio meets the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2016 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Paphos, Cyprus."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600404","article-title":"Cognitive-radio-based internet of things: Applications, architectures, spectrum related functionalities, and future research directions","volume":"24","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2013.122713.132038","article-title":"Opportunistic Spectrum Sharing Based on Full-Duplex Cooperative OFDM Relaying","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2517619","article-title":"Hybrid Spectrum Sharing through Adaptive Spectrum Handoff and Selection","volume":"15","author":"Lertsinsrubtavee","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2009.11.070410","article-title":"Fundamental capacity limits of cognitive radio in fading environments with imperfect channel information","volume":"57","author":"Musavian","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.2907","article-title":"Reducing the effects of the noise uncertainty in energy detectors for cognitive radio networks","volume":"30","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandit, S., and Singh, G. (2017). Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks: Potential Challenges and Future Perspective, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-53147-2"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Shafiq, M., and Choi, J.-G. (2017). Adaptive Auction Framework for Spectrum Market in Cognitive Radio Networks. J. Netw. Syst. Manag., 1\u201329."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, M., Shafiq, M., Irshad, A., Afzal, M.K., Kim, D., and Choi, J.-G. (2018). Adaptive and Economically-Robust Group Selling of Spectrum Slots for Cognitive Radio-Based Networks. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082490"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentum, M.J., Boonstra, A.J., and Baan, W.A. (2010, January 29\u201331). Impact of cognitive radio on radio astronomy. Proceedings of the RFI Mitigation Workshop (RFI 2010), Groningen, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.22323\/1.107.0009"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ganesan, G., and Li, Y. (December, January 28). Agility improvement through cooperative diversity in cognitive radio. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference, St. Louis, MO, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabric, D., Tkachenko, A., and Brodersen, R. (2006, January 23\u201325). Spectrum Sensing Measurements of Pilot, Energy, and Collaborative Detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Military Commun. Conference, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2006.301994"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ganesan, G., and Li, Y. (2005, January 8\u201311). Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the First IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2008.080111","article-title":"Cross-layer based opportunistic MAC protocols for QoS provisionings over cognitive radio wireless networks","volume":"26","author":"Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.118","article-title":"A novel MAC scheme for multichannel cognitive radio ad hoc networks","volume":"11","author":"Jeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2009.2029552","article-title":"A distributed multichannel MAC protocol for multihop cognitive radio networks","volume":"59","author":"Timmers","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.072511.102196","article-title":"Design of OMC-MAC: An opportunistic multi-channel MAC with QoS provisioning for distributed cognitive radio networks","volume":"10","author":"Jha","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2009.19","article-title":"MAC protocol for opportunistic cognitive radio networks with soft guarantees","volume":"8","author":"Salameh","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Zheng, H., and Yang, G.-H. (2005, January 8\u201311). Distributed coordination in dynamic spectrum allocation networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN 2005), Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2010.12.004","article-title":"Survey of common control channel design in cognitive radio networks","volume":"4","author":"Brandon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"3655","article-title":"Rendezvous Issues in AD Hoc Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"8","author":"Joshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Liu, X., and Ding, Z. (2008, January 13\u201318). Opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2008.201"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2007.070409","article-title":"Decentralized cognitive MAC for opportunistic spectrum access in ad hoc networks: A POMDP framework","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamis, A., and Constantinou, P. (2007, January 8\u201310). Performance study of CSMA\/CA over spectrum pooling environment for cognitive radios. Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob 2007), White Plains, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIMOB.2007.4390825"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondareddy, Y.R., and Agrawal, P. (2008, January 19\u201323). Synchronized MAC protocol for multi-hop cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2008.602"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2011.2141694","article-title":"A two-level MAC protocol strategy for opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Liang, Y.-C., Motani, M., and Wong, W.C. (2009, January 13\u201316). CR-CSMA: A random access mac protocol for cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2009.5449828"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Motani, M., Liang, Y.-C., and Wong, W.C. (2011, January 5\u20139). Opportunistic spectrum access protocol for cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the IEEE ICC 2011, Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/icc.2011.5962450"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.131121","article-title":"MAC Protocol Design and Performance Analysis for Random Access Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2005.862422","article-title":"Multichannel random access in OFDMA wireless networks","volume":"24","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commu."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1975.1092768","article-title":"Packet switching in radio channels\u2014Part I: Carrier sense multiple-access modes and their throughput-delay characteristics","volume":"23","author":"Kleinrock","year":"1975","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2018, November 25). Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, IEEE Std 802.11-2007 Part 11. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/servlet\/opac?punumber=7786993."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Shafiq, M., Son, S., Choi, J.-G., and Yu, H. (2017, January 29\u201330). CR-MEGA: Mutually Exclusive Guaranteed Access Control for Cognitive Radio Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Future Technologies Conference (FTC 2017), Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Shafiq, M., Choi, J.-G., and Irshad, A. (2014, January 27\u201328). Random Access Control for Cognitive Radio Networks with Hybrid Spectrum Sensing Technique. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Electronics and Commun (WEC 2014), Chengdu, China."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Shafiq, M., Choi, J.-G., Yu, H., and Afzal, M.K. (November, January 31). Multiple Access Control with Adaptive Spectrum Sensing Technique for Cognitive Radio Networks. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Emerging ICT (JCK-WS 2016), Tohoku University Sendai, Japan."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslan, H., and Y\u00fccek, T. (2007, January 27\u201329). Spectrum sensing for cognitive radio applications. Proceedings of the Cognitive Radio, Software Defined Radio, and Adaptive Wireless Systems, St. Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5542-3"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2008.080103","article-title":"Cyclostationary signatures in practical cognitive radio applications","volume":"26","author":"Sutton","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Shafiq, M., and Choi, J.-G. (2017). MSMA\/CA: Multiple Access Control Protocol for Cognitive Radio-Based IoT Networks. J. Internet Technol., accepted."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Cabric, D., Mishra, S.M., and Brodersen, R.W. (2004, January 7\u201310). Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radios. Proceedings of the Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2008.060869","article-title":"Sensing-throughput tradeoff for cognitive radio networks","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wire. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manesh, M.R., Apu, M.S., Kaabouch, N., and Hu, W.C. (20, January 20\u201322). Performance evaluation of spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio systems. Proceedings of the IEEE Annual 2016 Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON.2016.7777829"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2009.01.001","article-title":"CRAHNs: Cognitive radio ad hoc networks","volume":"7","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mauwa, H., Bagula, A., Zennaro, M., Pietrosemoli, E., Lysko, A., and Brown, T.X. (2016, January 14\u201316). Systematic analysis of Geo-location and spectrum sensing as access methods to TV white space. Proceedings of the IEEE ITU Kaleidoscope: ICTs for a Sustainable World (ITU WT), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITU-WT.2016.7805706"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Wyglinski, M., Nekovee, M., and Hou, T. (2009). Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Survey of the DVB-T Spectrum: Opportunities for Cognitive Mobile Users","volume":"2016","author":"Rieger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"231","article-title":"Spectrum occupancy survey in HULL-UK for cognitive radio applications: Measurement and analysis","volume":"2","author":"Mehdawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, K., Prasad, R., and Skouby, K. (2011, January 24\u201325). A survey of worldwide spectrum occupancy measurement campaigns for cognitive radio. Proceedings of the International Conference on Devices and Communications (ICDeCom), Mesra, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDECOM.2011.5738472"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2009.6391392","article-title":"RawPEACH: Multiband CSMA\/CA-based cognitive radio networks","volume":"11","author":"Chong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/2\/241\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:24:54Z","timestamp":1760185494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/2\/241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s19020241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19020241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}}}