{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:16:27Z","timestamp":1761581787035,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07048338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07048338"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20170388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20170388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Device-to-device (D2D) communications can be adopted as a promising solution to attain high quality of service (QoS) for a network. However, D2D communications generates harmful interference when available resources are shared with traditional cellular users (CUs). In this paper, network architecture for the uplink resource management issue for D2D communications underlaying uplink cellular networks is proposed. We develop a fractional frequency reuse (FFR) technique to mitigate interference induced by D2D pairs (DPs) to CUs and mutual interference among DPs in a cell. Then, we formulate a sum throughput optimization problem to achieve the QoS requirements of the system. However, the computational complexity of the optimization problem is very high due to the exhaustive search for a global optimal solution. In order to reduce the complexity, we propose a greedy heuristic search algorithm for D2D communications so as to find a sub-optimal solution. Moreover, a binary power control scheme is proposed to enhance the system throughput by reducing overall interference. The performance of our proposed scheme is analyzed through extensive numerical analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. The results demonstrate that our proposed scheme provides significant improvement in system throughput with the lowest computational complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T04:10:16Z","timestamp":1547179816000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Optimal Resource Management and Binary Power Control in Network-Assisted D2D Communications for Higher Frequency Reuse Factor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Devarani Devi","family":"Ningombam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2092-1336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seokjoo","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, September 20). 3GPP TR 23.703 v0.5, Rel 12, in Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects, Study on Architecture Enhancements to Support Proximity Services (ProSe). Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6829950","article-title":"Enable device-to-device communications underlaying cellular networks: Challenges and research aspects","volume":"52","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6807943","article-title":"Cellular traffic offloading onto network-assisted device-to-device connections","volume":"52","author":"Andreev","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsinis, G., Tsiropoulou, E.E., and Papavassiliou, S. (2017). Multicell Interference Management in Device to Device Underlay Cellular Networks. Future Internet, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi9030044"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-016-0764-y","article-title":"Joint Resource Block and Power Allocation for Interference Management in Device to Device Underlay Cellular Networks: A Game Theoretic Approach","volume":"22","author":"Katsinis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2013.6590055","article-title":"Resource allocation for device-to-device communications underlaying LTE-advanced networks","volume":"20","author":"Phunchongharn","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"A resource allocation scheme for multi-D2D communications underlaying cellular networks with multi-subcarrier reusing","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratas, N.k., and Popovski, P. (2015, January 6\u201310). Network-assisted device-to-device (D2D) direct proximity discovery with underlay communication. Proceedings of the Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2015.7417115"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Joint mode selection and resource allocation for machine-type D2D links","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, B., and Zhu, Q. (2016, January 6\u20138). A QoS-based resource allocation algorithm for D2D communication underlaying cellular networks. Proceedings of the2016 Sixth International Conference on Information Science and Technology (ICIST), Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIST.2016.7483447"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.100611.110181","article-title":"Analytical Evaluation of Fractional Frequency Reuse for OFDMA Cellular Networks","volume":"10","author":"Novlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Zhang, J., Song, S.H., and Letaief, K.B. (arXiv, 2016). Optimal QoS-Aware Channel Assignment in D2D Communications with Partial CSI, arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2604813"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-016-1351-7","article-title":"Resource allocation and dynamic power conntrol for D2D communication underlaying uplink multi-cell networks","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ningombam, D.D., and Shin, S. (2018). Non-Orthogonal Resource Sharing Optimization for D2D Communication in LTE-A Cellular Networks: A Fractional Frequency Reuse-Based Approach. Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7100238"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Kim, T., Noh, J., and Cho, S. (2018). fractional frequency reuse scheme for device-to-device communication underlaying cellular on wireless multimedia sensor networks. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082661"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ningombam, D.D., and Shin, S. (2018). Distance-constrained outage probability analysis for device-to-device communications underlaying cellular networks with frequency reuse factor of 2. Computers, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers7040050"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2679001","article-title":"Scalable D2D Communications for Frequency Reuse gt; gt; 1 in 5G","volume":"16","author":"Verenzuela","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K.-Y., Kao, J.-C., Ciou, S.-A., and Lin, S.-H. (arXiv, 2017). Joint Spectrum Reuse and Power Control for Multi-Sharing Device-to-Device Communication, arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2016.7881060"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S.-H., Chen, K.-Y., Kao, J.-C., and Hsiao, Y.-F. (2017, January 4\u20137). Fast Spectrum Reuse and Power Control for Device-to-Device Communication. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2017.8108252"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231047","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1231047","article-title":"Dynamic fractional frequency reuse diversity design for intercell interference mitigation in nonorthogonal multiple access multicellular networks","volume":"2018","author":"Mehmood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doppler, K., Rinne, M.P., Janis, P., Ribeiro, C., and Hugl, K. (2009, January 14\u201318). Device-to-Device Communications; Functional Prospects for LTE-Advanced Networks. Proceedings of the2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2009.5208020"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1109\/25.775355","article-title":"Area spectral efficiency of cellular mobile radio systems","volume":"48","author":"Alouini","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2712708","article-title":"Spectral and Energy Efficiency of Uplink D2D Underlaid Massive MIMO Cellular Networks","volume":"65","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2016.2518176","article-title":"Power Distribution of Device-to-Device Communications in Underlaid Cellular Networks","volume":"5","author":"Banagar","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.13189\/ujcn.2013.010401","article-title":"Path Loss Models for LTE and LTE-A relay stations","volume":"1","author":"Hamid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Univ. J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5121\/ijwmn.2015.7409","article-title":"SINR, RSRP, RSSI and RSRQ Measurements in Long Term Evolution Networks","volume":"7","author":"Afroz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Mob. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2015.09.005","article-title":"On the throughput gain of device-to-device communications","volume":"1","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Greedy heuristic resource allocation algorithm for device-to-device aided cellular systems with system level simulation","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"KSII Trans. InternetInf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2015.2481405","article-title":"A binary power control scheme for D2D communications","volume":"4","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2645210","article-title":"Power control for D2D underlay cellular networks with channel uncertainty","volume":"16","author":"Memmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"3GPP (2018, September 20). Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/2\/251\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:24:59Z","timestamp":1760185499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/2\/251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s19020251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19020251","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}}}