{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:40:30Z","timestamp":1760186430558,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]],"date-time":"2019-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81471748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81471748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Affinity biosensors of interdigitated electrodes have been widely used in cell detection. This research presents a mass-producible and disposable three-dimensional (3D) structure capacitive sensor based on the integrated circuit package lead frames for cell concentration detection. The fully symmetric 3D interdigital electrode structure makes the sensor more homogeneous and sensitive. (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde are immobilized onto gold-plated electrodes. By overlaying the microfluidic channels on top, the volume of the solution is kept constant to obtain repeatable measured capacitance values. Moreover, using the upgraded reading and writing functions and circular measurement of the E4980A Data Transfer Program, an automatic multigroup test system is developed. It is shown that the cell concentration and capacitance are inversely correlated, and the cell concentration range of 103\u2013106 CFU\u2219mL\u22121 is achieved. In addition, the rate of capacitance change matches that of state-of-the-art biosensors reported. A program is developed to find the optimal voltage and frequency for linear fitting between the capacitance change and cell concentration. Future work will employ machine learning-based data analysis to drug resistance sensitivity test of cell lines and cell survival status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T03:09:13Z","timestamp":1547608153000},"page":"325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Novel Mass-Producible Capacitive Sensor with Fully Symmetric 3D Structure and Microfluidics for Cells Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhaorui","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"}]},{"given":"Libin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health; Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richtek Technology Corporation, Hsinchu 30288, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Hongju","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"}]},{"given":"Dahong","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.08.005","article-title":"Affinity sensor using 3-aminophenylboronic acid for bacteria detection","volume":"26","author":"Wannapob","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. 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