{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T18:47:41Z","timestamp":1775674061389,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]],"date-time":"2019-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermocouples classically consist of two metals or semiconductor components that are joined at one end, where temperature is measured. Carbon black is a low-cost semiconductor with a Seebeck coefficient that depends on the structure of the carbon particles. Different carbon black screen-printing inks generally exhibit different Seebeck coefficients, and two can therefore be combined to realize a thermocouple. In this work, we used a set of four different commercially available carbon-black screen-printing inks to print all-carbon-black thermocouples. The outputs of these thermocouples were characterized and their Seebeck coefficients determined. We found that the outputs of pure carbon-black thermocouples are reasonably stable, linear, and quantitatively comparable to those of commercially available R- or S-type thermocouples. It is thus possible to fabricate thermocouples by an easily scalable, cost-efficient process that combines two low-cost materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T03:08:22Z","timestamp":1548126502000},"page":"403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Screen-Printed, Pure Carbon-Black Thermocouple Fabrication and Seebeck Coefficients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6066-8721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Offenzeller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsensors, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Knoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsensors, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Jakoby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsensors, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Hilber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsensors, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1305516","article-title":"Review of temperature measurement","volume":"71","author":"Childs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. 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