{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:37:08Z","timestamp":1774262228643,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,20]],"date-time":"2019-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temporary Immersion Bioreactors (TIBs) are used for increasing plant quality and plant multiplication rates. These TIBs are actioned by mean of a pneumatic system. A failure in the pneumatic system could produce severe damages into the TIB. Consequently, the whole biological process would be aborted, increasing the production cost. Therefore, an important task is to detect failures on a temporary immersion bioreactor system. In this paper, we propose to approach this task using a contrast pattern based classifier. We show that our proposal, for detecting pneumatic failures in a TIB, outperforms other approaches reported in the literature. In addition, we introduce a feature representation based on the differences among feature values. Additionally, we collected a new pineapple micropropagation database for detecting four new types of pneumatic failures on TIBs. Finally, we provide an analysis of our experimental results together with experts in both biotechnology and pneumatic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T03:08:22Z","timestamp":1548126502000},"page":"414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Pattern-Based Approach for Detecting Pneumatic Failures on Temporary Immersion Bioreactors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6910-5922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavio","family":"Loyola-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, V\u00eda Atlixc\u00e1yotl No. 2301, Reserva Territorial Atlixc\u00e1yotl, Puebla 72453, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4511-2252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Medina-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Carretera al Lago de Guadalupe Km. 3.5, Atizap\u00e1n, Estado de M\u00e9xico 52926, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dayton","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Tamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Bioplantas, Universidad de Ciego de \u00c1vila, Carretera a Mor\u00f3n km 9, Ciego de \u00c1vila 69450, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3465-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Carretera al Lago de Guadalupe Km. 3.5, Atizap\u00e1n, Estado de M\u00e9xico 52926, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Ariel","family":"Carrasco-Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica, Luis Enrique Erro No. 1, Sta. Mar\u00eda Tonanzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3154-177X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milton","family":"Garc\u00eda-Borroto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior Polit\u00e9cnico Jos\u00e9 Antonio Echeverr\u00eda, Calle 114 No. 11901, Marianao, La Habana 19390, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s002990050653","article-title":"Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) micropropagation in temporary immersion systems","volume":"18","author":"Escalona","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-011-1195-7","article-title":"The physiology of ex vitro pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr. var MD-2) as CAM or C3 is regulated by the environmental conditions","volume":"31","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-013-1493-3","article-title":"The physiology of ex vitro pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr. var MD-2) as CAM or C3 is regulated by the environmental conditions: proteomic and transcriptomic profiles","volume":"32","author":"Pascual","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-017-2576-5","article-title":"Temporary immersion bioreactors (TIB) provide a versatile, cost-effective and reproducible in vitro analysis of the response of pineapple shoots to salinity and drought","volume":"39","author":"Valle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2018.1489778","article-title":"Bioreactor-based advances in plant tissue and cell culture: Challenges and prospects","volume":"39","author":"Valdiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"293","article-title":"Detecting Pneumatic Failures on Temporary Immersion Bioreactors","volume":"Volume 9703","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Mexican Conference (MCPR 2016)"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Dong, G., and Bailey, J. (2012). Emerging Patterns as Structural Alerts for Computational Toxicology. Contrast Data Mining: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications, Chapman & Hall\/CRC. Chapter 19."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Dong, G., and Bailey, J. (2012). Discriminating Gene Transfer and Microarray Concordance Analysis. Contrast Data Mining: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications, Chapman & Hall\/CRC. Chapter 16."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Dong, G., and Bailey, J. (2012). Emerging Pattern Based Rules Characterizing Subtypes of Leukemia. Contrast Data Mining: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications, Chapman & Hall\/CRC. Chapter 15."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Dong, G., and Bailey, J. (2012). Emerging Patterns and Classification for Spatial and Image Data. Contrast Data Mining: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications, Chapman & Hall\/CRC. Chapter 20."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2014.08.010","article-title":"DFP-SEPSF: A dynamic frequent pattern tree to mine strong emerging patterns in streamwise features","volume":"37","author":"Alavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2016.01.030","article-title":"Improving graph-based image classification by using emerging patterns as attributes","volume":"50","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2014.06.016","article-title":"Maintaining the discovered sequential patterns for sequence insertion in dynamic databases","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Dong, G., Li, J., and Wong, L. (2004). The use of emerging patterns in the analysis of gene expression profiles for the diagnosis and understanding of diseases. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, John Wiley. Chapter 14."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Dong, G., and Bailey, J. (2012). Emerging Pattern Based Prediction of Heart Diseases and Powerline Safety. Contrast Data Mining: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications, Chapman & Hall\/CRC. Chapter 23."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dong, G., and Bailey, J. (2012). Using Emerging Patterns in Outlier and Rare-Class Prediction. Contrast Data Mining: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications, Chapman & Hall\/CRC. Chapter 12."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2016.10.018","article-title":"PBC4cip: A new contrast pattern-based classifier for class imbalance problems","volume":"115","author":"Monroy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Dong, G., and Bailey, J. (2012). Overview and Analysis of Contrast Pattern Based Classification. Contrast Data Mining: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications, Chapman & Hall\/CRC. Chapter 11."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolton, W. (2015). Programmable Logic Controllers, Newnes. [6th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802929-9.00001-7"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terzi, M., Cella, R., and Falavigna, A. (1995). A New Concept of Plant In Vitro Cultivation Liquid Medium: Temporary Immersion. Current Issues in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology: Proceedings of the VIIIth International Congress on Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0307-7"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paek, K., Chakrabarty, D., and Hahn, E. (2005). Application of bioreactor systems for large scale production of horticultural and medicinal plants. Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-004-6648-z"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02358166","article-title":"In vitro production of potato microtubers in liquid medium using temporary immersion","volume":"42","author":"Teisson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Potato Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015668610465","article-title":"Temporary immersion systems in plant micropropagation","volume":"69","author":"Etienne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchanan, W. (2004). Modbus. The Handbook of Data Communications and Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-7870-5"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1079\/IVP2005640","article-title":"Photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in plantain (Musa AAB) plantlets growing in temporary immersion bioreactors and during ex vitro acclimatization","volume":"41","author":"Escalona","year":"2005","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s12042-008-9026-x","article-title":"Sugarcane (Saccharum sp. Hybrid) Propagated in Headspace Renovating Systems Shows Autotrophic Characteristics and Develops Improved Anti-oxidative Response","volume":"2","author":"Carvalho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arag\u00f3n, C., Carvalho, L., Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Escalona, M., and Am\u00e2ncio, S. (2010). Ex vitro acclimatization of plantain plantlets micropropagated in temporary immersion bioreactor. Biol. Plant., 237\u2013244.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-010-0042-y"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-009-9246-2","article-title":"Effect of sucrose, light, and carbon dioxide on plantain micropropagation in temporary immersion bioreactors","volume":"46","author":"Escalona","year":"2010","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-013-0381-6","article-title":"Comparison of plantain plantlets propagated in temporary immersion bioreactors and gelled medium during in vitro growth and acclimatization","volume":"58","author":"Escalona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"212","article-title":"A robust classifier for imbalanced datasets","volume":"Volume 8443","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-011-0222-1","article-title":"Hellinger distance decision trees are robust and skew-insensitive","volume":"24","author":"Cieslak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"173","article-title":"Revealing conceptual structure in data by inductive inference","volume":"10","author":"Michalski","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-012-9355-x","article-title":"A survey of emerging patterns for supervised classification","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, G., and Li, J. (1999, January 15\u201318). Efficient mining of emerging patterns: Discovering trends and differences. Proceedings of the fifth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD \u201999, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/312129.312191"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, G., and Bailey, J. (2012). Preliminaries. Contrast Data Mining: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications, Chapman & Hall\/CRC. Chapter 1.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12986-3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-008-0319-7","article-title":"Evolutionary rule-based systems for imbalanced data sets","volume":"13","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2012.2199516","article-title":"Study on the Impact of Partition-Induced Dataset Shift on k-Fold Cross-Validation","volume":"23","author":"Saez","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.09.038","article-title":"On the importance of the validation technique for classification with imbalanced datasets: Addressing covariate shift when data is skewed","volume":"257","author":"Herrera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00153759","article-title":"Instance-based learning algorithms","volume":"6","author":"Aha","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Freund, Y., and Schapire, R.E. (1996, January 3\u20136). Experiments with a New Boosting Algorithm. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML\u201996, Bari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Quinlan, J.R. (1993). C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"191","article-title":"Ridge Estimators in Logistic Regression","volume":"41","author":"Cessie","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Haykin, S.S. (2001). Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, Tsinghua University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"John, G.H., and Langley, P. (1995, January 18\u201320). Estimating Continuous Distributions in Bayesian Classifiers. Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, UAI\u201995, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platt, J.C. (1999). 12 fast training of support vector machines using sequential minimal optimization. Adv. Kernel Methods, 185\u2013208.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1130.003.0016"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"MathWorks, Inc. (2015). TreeBagger, Mathworks Inc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-016-2278-8","article-title":"Bagging-TPMiner: A classifier ensemble for masquerader detection based on typical objects","volume":"21","author":"Monroy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, J., Barrera-Animas, A.Y., Trejo, L.A., Medina-P\u00e9rez, M.A., and Monroy, R. (2016). Ensemble of One-Class Classifiers for Personal Risk Detection Based on Wearable Sensor Data. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101619"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1145\/1656274.1656278","article-title":"The WEKA Data Mining Software: An Update","volume":"11","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"SIGKDD Explor. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2005.50","article-title":"Using AUC and accuracy in evaluating learning algorithms","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, H., and Ma, Y. (2013). Assessment Metrics for Imbalanced Learning. Imbalanced Learning: Foundations, Algorithms, and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Chapter 8.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118646106"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Kubat, M., and Matwin, S. (1997, January 8\u201312). Addressing the curse of imbalanced training sets: One-sided selection. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML97), Nashville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Baeza-Yates, R.A., and Ribeiro-Neto, B. (1999). Modern Information Retrieval, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010","article-title":"An introduction to ROC analysis","volume":"27","author":"Fawcett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Statistical comparisons of classifiers over multiple data sets","volume":"7","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"2677","article-title":"An Extension on \u201cStatistical Comparisons of Classifiers over Multiple Data Sets\u201d for all Pairwise Comparisons","volume":"9","author":"Herrera","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"255","article-title":"KEEL Data-Mining Software Tool: Data Set Repository, Integration of Algorithms and Experimental Analysis Framework","volume":"17","author":"Luengo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mult.-Valued Logic Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.09.040","article-title":"Effect of class imbalance on quality measures for contrast patterns: An experimental study","volume":"374","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"e1231","article-title":"An overview of emerging pattern mining in supervised descriptive rule discovery: Taxonomy, empirical study, trends, and prospects","volume":"8","author":"Carmona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Data Min. Knowl. Discov."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/2\/414\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:27:30Z","timestamp":1760185650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/2\/414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,20]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s19020414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19020414","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,20]]}}}