{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T05:29:53Z","timestamp":1771824593335,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Even though various commercial Smart City solutions are widely available on the market, we are still witnessing their rather limited adoption, where solutions are typically bound to specific verticals or remain in pilot stages. In this paper we argue that the lack of a Smart City regulatory framework is one of the major obstacles for a wider adoption of Smart City services in practice. Such framework should be accompanied by examples of good practice which stress the necessity of adopting interoperable Smart City services. Development and deployment of Smart City services can incur significant costs to cities, service providers and sensor manufacturers, and thus it is vital to adjust national legislation to ensure legal certainty to all stakeholders, and at the same time to protect interests of the citizens and the state. Additionally, due to a vast number of heterogeneous devices and Smart City services, both existing and future, their interoperability becomes vital for service replicability and massive deployment leading to digital transformation of future cities. The paper provides a classification of technical and regulatory characteristics of IoT services for Smart Cities which are mapped to corresponding roles in the IoT value chain. Four example use cases are chosen\u2014Smart Parking, Smart Metering, Smart Street Lighting and Mobile Crowd Sensing\u2014to showcase the legal implications relevant to each service. Based on the analysis, we propose a set of recommendations for each role in the value chain related to regulatory requirements of the aforementioned Smart City services. The analysis and recommendations serve as examples of good practice in hope that they will facilitate a wider adoption and longevity of IoT-based Smart City services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T03:08:22Z","timestamp":1548126502000},"page":"415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A Regulatory View on Smart City Services"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sedam IT d.o.o., HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5619-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Podnar \u017darko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, S., and Money, W. (2017, January 3\u20137). Establishing Smart City Technical Standards and Guidance: A Way Forward. Proceedings of the WWW\u201917 Companion Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion, Perth, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3054715"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N., and Meijers, E. (2007). Smart Cities. Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities, Centre of Regional Science, Vienna UT. Final Report."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"The White House (2015). FACT SHEET: Administration Announces New \u201cSmart Cities\u201d Initiative to Help Communities Tackle Local Challenges and Improve City Services."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"President\u2019s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (2016). Technology and the Future of Cities."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu\u010di\u0107, D., Boban, M., and Mileta, D. (2018, January 21\u201325). An Impact of General Data Protection Regulation on a Smart City Concept. Proceedings of the 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), Opatija, Croatia.","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO.2018.8400074"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2748998","article-title":"Privacy in the Smart City\u2014Applications, Technologies, Challenges, and Solutions","volume":"20","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anthopoulos, L., and Giannakidis, G. (2016, January 14\u201316). Task-Based Process Modeling for Policy Making in Smart Cities. Proceedings of the ITU Kaleidoscope Academic Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITU-WT.2016.7805707"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.04.032","article-title":"Toward a Taxonomy of City Logistics Projects","volume":"2","author":"Benjelloun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2014.10.028","article-title":"A New Taxonomy of Smart City Projects","volume":"3","author":"Perboli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"European Commission, EU Smart Cities Information System (SCIS) (2018, December 12). The Making of a Smart City: Policy Recommendation. Available online: www.smartcities-infosystem.eu."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"International Telecommunications Union (ITU) (2014). Smart Sustainable Cities: An Analysis of Definitions, ITU."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"International Standards Organization (ISO) (2014). Smart Cites Preliminary Report 2014, ISO."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, M., Lu\u010di\u0107, D., and Lovrek, I. (2017, January 18\u201320). Internet of Things Context of the Smart City. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Smart Systems and Technologies (SST), Osijek, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SST.2017.8188693"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Vermesan, O., and Friess, P. (2014). Internet of Things\u2014From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment, River Publisher."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Van der Veer, H., and Wiles, A. (2018). ETSI White paper No. 3 Achieving Technical Interoperability\u2014The ETSI Approach, European Telecommunications Standards Institue (ETSI)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brutti, A., de Sabbata, P., Frascella, A., Gessa, N., Ianniello, R., Novelli, C., Pizzuti, S., and Ponti, G. (2019). Smart City Platform Specification: A Modular Approach to Achieve Interoperability in Smart Cities: Technology, Communications and Computing. The Internet of Things for Smart Urban Ecosystems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96550-5_2"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2018, December 10). H2020 Project symbIoTe Web Site. Available online: https:\/\/www.symbiote-h2020.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podnar Zarko, I., Soursos, S., Gojmerac, I., Ostermann, E.G., Insolvibile, G., Plociennik, M., Reichl, P., and Bianchi, G. (2017, January 6\u20139). Towards an IoT framework for semantic and organizational interoperability. Proceedings of the 2017 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS), Geneva, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS.2017.8016253"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soursos, S., Podnar Zarko, I., Zwickl, P., Gojmerac, I., Bianchi, G., and Carrozzo, G. (2016, January 27\u201330). Towards the Cross-Domain Interoperability of IoT Platforms. Proceedings of the European Conference on Networks and Communications (EUCNC) 2016, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC.2016.7561070"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.01.004","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Energy Harvesting MAC protocols in WSNs: Challenges and Tradeoffs","volume":"71","author":"Sherazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"European Comission (2018, December 10). Digital Single Market Strategy. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=COM%3A2015%3A192%3AFIN."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"European Commission (2015). REGULATION (EU) No 531\/2012 on Roaming on Public Mobile Communications Networks within the Union, European Commission."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_23.1","unstructured":"European Commission (2016). REGULATION"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_23.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2016\/2286 Laying Down Detailed Rules on the Application of Fair Use Policy and on the Methodology for Assessing the Sustainability of the Abolition of Retail Roaming Surcharges and on the Application to be Submitted by a Roaming Provider for the Purposes of that Assessment, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Official Journal of the European Communities (2006). Directive 2006\/32\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services and Repealing Council Directive 93\/76\/EEC, Official Journal of the European Communities. L 114\/64."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2018, December 12). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.119.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2016:119:TOC."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2018, December 12). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2016.119.01.0089.01.ENG."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2006.05.005","article-title":"Cruising for parking","volume":"13","author":"Shoup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoni\u0107, A., Bilas, V., Marjanovi\u0107, M., Matija\u0161evi\u0107, M., Oleti\u0107, D., Paveli\u0107, M., Podnar \u017darko, I., Pripu\u017ei\u0107, K., and Skorin-Kapov, L. (2014, January 17\u201319). Urban Crowd Sensing Demonstrator: Sense the Zagreb Air. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), Split, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SOFTCOM.2014.7039132"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2015.06.023","article-title":"Energy-Aware and Quality-Driven Sensor Management for Green Mobile Crowd Sensing","volume":"59","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Enabling the Internet of Things (2016). Report, BEREC\u2014Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications, BoR (16) 39, BEREC."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Commission (2013). Lighting the Cities: Accelerating the Deployment of Innovative Lighting in European Cities, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2018, December 12). A Digital Agenda for Europe. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX:52010DC0245R(01)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/2\/415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:27:34Z","timestamp":1760185654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/2\/415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s19020415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19020415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]}}}