{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T22:57:47Z","timestamp":1773442667802,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003032","name":"Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/0227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/0227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A development of washable PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate) polyamide textile-based electrodes is an interesting alternative to the traditional Ag\/AgCl disposable electrodes, usually used in clinical practice, helping to improve medical assessment and treatment before apparition or progress of patients\u2019 cardiovascular symptoms. This study was conducted in order to determine whether physical properties of PEDOT:PSS had a significant impact on the coated electrode\u2019s electrocardiogram (ECG) signal quality, particularly after 50 washing cycles in a domestic laundry machine. Tests performed, included the comparison of two PEDOT:PSS solutions, in term of viscosity with emphasis on wetting tests, including surface tension and contact angle measurements. In addition, polyamide textile fabrics were used as substrate to make thirty electrodes and to characterize the amount of PEDOT:PSS absorbed as a function of time. The results showed that surface tension of PEDOT:PSS had a significant impact on the wetting of polyamide textile fabric and consequently on the absorbed amount. In fact, lower values of surface tension of the solution lead to low values contact angles between PEDOT:PSS and textile fabric (good wettability). Before washing, no significant difference has been observed among signal-to-noise ratios measured (SNR) for coated electrodes by the two PEDOT:PSS solutions. However, after 50 washing cycles, SNR decreased strongly for electrodes coated by the solution that had low viscosity, since it contained less solid contents. That was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) and also by analyzing the color change of electrodes based on the calculation of CIELAB color space coordinates. Moreover, spectral power density of recorded ECG signals has been computed and presented. All cardiac waves were still visible in the ECG signals after 50 washing cycles. Furthermore, an experienced cardiologist considered that all the ECG signals acquired were acceptable. Accordingly, our newly developed polyamide textile-based electrodes seem to be suitable for long-term monitoring. The study also provided new insights into the better choice of PEDOT:PSS formulation as a function of a specific process in order to manufacture cheaper electrodes faster.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T03:08:22Z","timestamp":1548126502000},"page":"416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Ambulatory Evaluation of ECG Signals Obtained Using Washable Textile-Based Electrodes Made with Chemically Modified PEDOT:PSS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1071-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amale","family":"Ankhili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"},{"name":"@HEALTH, Europarc de Pichaury, 1330 Rue Jean Ren\u00e9 Guillibert Gauthier de la Lauzi\u00e8re, F-13290 Aix-en-Provence, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5359-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuyuan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4363-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Cochrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0655-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladan","family":"Koncar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Coulon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"@HEALTH, Europarc de Pichaury, 1330 Rue Jean Ren\u00e9 Guillibert Gauthier de la Lauzi\u00e8re, F-13290 Aix-en-Provence, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Tarlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"@HEALTH, Europarc de Pichaury, 1330 Rue Jean Ren\u00e9 Guillibert Gauthier de la Lauzi\u00e8re, F-13290 Aix-en-Provence, France"},{"name":"Institution Centre de Cardiologie, 32 Bd du Roy Ren\u00e9 13100 Aix-En-Provence, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wilson, S., and Laing, R. 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