{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T04:51:30Z","timestamp":1773895890940,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/129428\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/129428\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project NanoSTIMA","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>New miniaturized sensors for biological and medical applications must be adapted to the measuring environments and they should provide a high measurement resolution to sense small changes. The Vernier effect is an effective way of magnifying the sensitivity of a device, allowing for higher resolution sensing. We applied this concept to the development of a small-size optical fiber Fabry\u2013Perot interferometer probe that presents more than 60-fold higher sensitivity to temperature than the normal Fabry\u2013Perot interferometer without the Vernier effect. This enables the sensor to reach higher temperature resolutions. The silica Fabry\u2013Perot interferometer is created by focused ion beam milling of the end of a tapered multimode fiber. Multiple Fabry\u2013Perot interferometers with shifted frequencies are generated in the cavity due to the presence of multiple modes. The reflection spectrum shows two main components in the Fast Fourier transform that give rise to the Vernier effect. The superposition of these components presents an enhancement of sensitivity to temperature. The same effect is also obtained by monitoring the reflection spectrum node without any filtering. A temperature sensitivity of \u2212654 pm\/\u00b0C was obtained between 30 \u00b0C and 120 \u00b0C, with an experimental resolution of 0.14 \u00b0C. Stability measurements are also reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T03:52:32Z","timestamp":1548301952000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Multimode Fabry\u2013Perot Interferometer Probe Based on Vernier Effect for Enhanced Temperature Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3512-3687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 D.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"INESC TEC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3246-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Dellith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad I.","family":"Zibaii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti, Evan, Tehran 1983969411, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Latifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti, Evan, Tehran 1983969411, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Rothhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Bartelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7680-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando","family":"Fraz\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7614","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.007614","article-title":"Fabry-Perot diaphragm fiber-optic sensor","volume":"46","author":"Chin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. 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