{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:12:54Z","timestamp":1777385574792,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,26]],"date-time":"2019-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61474074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61474074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A low-power, high-gain, and low-noise analog front-end (AFE) for wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) acquisition systems is designed and fabricated in a 0.35 \u03bcm CMOS process. A high transimpedance gain of 142 dB\u03a9 and a low input-referred noise of only 64.2 pArms was achieved. A Sub-Hz filter was integrated using a pseudo resistor, resulting in a small silicon area. To mitigate the saturation problem caused by background light (BGL), a BGL cancellation loop and a new simple automatic gain control block are used to enhance the dynamic range and improve the linearity of the AFE. The measurement results show that a DC photocurrent component up-to-10 \u03bcA can be rejected and the PPG output swing can reach 1.42 Vpp at THD &lt; 1%. The chip consumes a total power of 14.85 \u03bcW using a single 3.3-V power supply. In this work, the small area and efficiently integrated blocks were used to implement the PPG AFE and the silicon area is minimized to 0.8 mm \u00d7 0.8 mm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T03:40:55Z","timestamp":1548733255000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["14.85 \u00b5W Analog Front-End for Photoplethysmography Acquisition with 142-dB\u2126 Gain and 64.2-pArms Noise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4003-3793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binghui","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"MoE Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Atef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"MoE Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chan, K.W., Hung, K., and Zhang, Y.T. (2001, January 25\u201328). Noninvasive and Cuffless Measurements of Blood Pressure for Telemedicine. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moraes, J.L., Rocha, M.X., Vasconcelos, G.G., Vasconcelos Filho, J.E., de Albuquerque, V.H.C., and Alexandria, A.R. (2018). Advances in Photopletysmography Signal Analysis for Biomedical Applications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061894"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2308552","article-title":"Integrated Circuits and Electrode Interfaces for Noninvasive Physiological Monitoring","volume":"61","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronzino, J.D. (2000). The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003040682"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.-H., Cheng, D.-C., and Su, C.-H. (2017). A Cuffless Blood Pressure Measurement Based on the Impedance Plethysmography Technique. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051176"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MCAS.2018.2849261","article-title":"Towards a Continuous Non-Invasive Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring System Using PPG: Systems and Circuits Review","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2777740","article-title":"A Fully Integrated High-Sensitivity Wide Dynamic Range PPG Sensor with an Integrated Photodiode and an Automatic Dimming Control LED Driver","volume":"18","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8784","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2564942","article-title":"Multimodal Analog Front End for Wearable Bio-Sensors","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-13-50","article-title":"Motion artifact removal from photoplethysmographic signals by combining temporally constrained independent component analysis and adaptive filter","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajesh, P.V., Valero-Sarmiento, J.M., Yan, L., Bozkurt, A., Van Hoof, C., Van Helleputte, N., Yazicioglu, R.F., and Verhelst, M. (February, January 31). A 172\u00b5W compressive sampling photoplethysmographic readout with embedded direct heart-rate and variability extraction from compressively sampled data. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2016.7418069"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/10.554761","article-title":"Wavelength selection for low-saturation pulse oximetry","volume":"44","author":"Mannheimer","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, B.H., Mohamed, A., and Wang, G.X. (2017, January 11\u201315). A low-power high-sensitivity analog front-end for PPG sensor. Proceedings of the 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Seogwipo, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8036960"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2008.2003429","article-title":"A Low-Power CMOS Front-End for Photoplethysmographic Signal Acquisition with Robust DC Photocurrent Rejection","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"531","article-title":"A 0.5-Hz High-Pass Cutoff Dual-Loop Transimpedance Amplifier for Wearable NIR Sensing Device","volume":"57","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2016.2605660","article-title":"A Multi(bio)sensor Acquisition System with Integrated Processor, Power Management, 8 \u00d7 8 LED Drivers, and Simultaneously Synchronized ECG, BIO-Z, GSR, and Two PPG Readouts","volume":"51","author":"Konijnenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Seo, I., and Fox, R.M. (2004, January 23\u201326). Comparison of quasi-\/pseudo-floating gate techniques. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Symposium Circuits and Systems Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.C., Hsu, W.Y., Huang, T.T., and Chen, H. (November, January 31). A compact Gm-C Filter Architecture with an Ultra-Low Corner Frequency and High Ground-Noise Rejection. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/BioCAS.2013.6679703"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Kim, J., and Ko, H. (2016). Low-Power Photoplethysmogram Acquisition Integrated Circuit with Robust Light Interference Compensation. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010046"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2019, January 25). AFE4403 Datasheet. Available online: http:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/AFE4403\/technicaldocuments."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:28:50Z","timestamp":1760185730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,26]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s19030512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19030512","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,26]]}}}