{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:10:50Z","timestamp":1774465850779,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,26]],"date-time":"2019-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NOT APPLICABLE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOT APPLICABLE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most electroencephalography (EEG) based emotion recognition systems make use of videos and images as stimuli. Few used sounds, and even fewer studies were found involving self-induced emotions. Furthermore, most of the studies rely on single stimuli to evoke emotions. The question of \u201cwhether different stimuli for same emotion elicitation generate any subject-independent correlations\u201d remains unanswered. This paper introduces a dual modality based emotion elicitation paradigm to investigate if emotions can be classified induced with different stimuli. A method has been proposed based on common spatial pattern (CSP) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to analyze human brain signals for fear emotions evoked with two different stimuli. Self-induced emotional imagery is one of the considered stimuli, while audio\/video clips are used as the other stimuli. The method extracts features from the CSP algorithm and LDA performs classification. To investigate associated EEG correlations, a spectral analysis was performed. To further improve the performance, CSP was compared with other regularized techniques. Critical EEG channels are identified based on spatial filter weights. To the best of our knowledge, our work provides the first contribution for the assessment of EEG correlations in the case of self versus video induced emotions captured with a commercial grade EEG device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T03:40:55Z","timestamp":1548733255000},"page":"522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Investigating EEG Patterns for Dual-Stimuli Induced Human Fear Emotional State"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Naveen","family":"Masood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Bahria University, Karachi 75260, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Humera","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Bahria University, Karachi 75260, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.10.019","article-title":"Unsupervised domain adaptation techniques based on auto-encoder for non-stationary EEG-based emotion recognition","volume":"79","author":"Chai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. 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