{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:56:17Z","timestamp":1772499377310,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordination of Higher Level Personnel Improvement","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"name":"Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015772","name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Fifth Generation (5G) cellular network can be considered the way to the ubiquitous Internet and pervasive paradigm.The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) uses the network infrastructure to allow cars to be connected to new radio technologies, and can be supported by 5G networks. In this way, the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) integration needs 5G connections unavoidably. This paper presents a 5G V2X ecosystem to provide IoV. The proposed ecosystem is based on the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) concept. Considering vehicles as entertainment consumer points, the network infrastructure must be huge enough to guarantee delivery and quality. For this purpose, this paper evaluates vehicular Internet-based video services traffic and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications in urban and rural scenarios. Simulations were performed through the Network Simulator ns-3, employing millimeter Wave (mmWave) communications. Three metrics, data transfer rate, transmission delay, and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), were analyzed and compared for rural and urban IoV scenarios. The results have shown satisfactory performance to the IoV communications requirements when adopting the 5G network with V2X communications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T11:27:52Z","timestamp":1548761272000},"page":"550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["A 5G V2X Ecosystem Providing Internet of Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Storck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electro-Electronics and Computing, Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Contagem 32146-054, Brazil"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Duarte-Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30535-610, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1601144","article-title":"5G Software Defined Vehicular Networks","volume":"55","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2014.6969789","article-title":"An overview of Internet of Vehicles","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1145\/3161587.3161593","article-title":"An Overview of 3GPP Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Standards","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"GetMob. Mob. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03391543","article-title":"Software defined Internet of vehicles: Architecture, challenges and solutions","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Commun. Inf. Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghafoor, K.Z., Kong, L., Rawat, D.B., Hosseini, E., and Sadiq, A.S. (2018). Quality of Service Aware Routing Protocol in Software-Defined Internet of Vehicles. IEEE Internet Things J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2875482"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, January 18). Service Requirements for Enhanced V2X Scenarios. Available online: www.3gpp.org\/DynaReport\/22186.htm."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Papathanassiou, A., and Khoryaev, A. (2019, January 18). Cellular V2X as the Essential Enabler of Superior Global Connected Transportation Services. Available online: https:\/\/futurenetworks.ieee.org\/tech-focus\/june-2017\/cellular-v2x."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"125","article-title":"Vehicular networking: A survey on spectrum access technologies and persisting challenges","volume":"2","author":"Atallah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elsevier Veh. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2017.1700015","article-title":"Vehicle-to-Everything (v2x) Services Supported by LTE-Based Systems and 5G","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, January 18). Study on LTE-Based V2X Services. Available online: www.3gpp.org\/dynareport\/36885.htm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2327241","article-title":"VECOS: A Vehicular Connection Steering Protocol","volume":"64","author":"Taleb","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2017.2752798","article-title":"LTE-V for Sidelink 5G V2X Vehicular Communications: A New 5G Technology for Short-Range Vehicle-to-Everything Communications","volume":"12","author":"Gozalvez","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2016.12.007","article-title":"Technology pillars in the architecture of future 5G mobile networks: NFV, MEC and SDN","volume":"54","author":"Blanco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600371CM","article-title":"High-Efficiency Urban Traffic Management in Context-Aware Computing and 5G Communication","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2015.2432804","article-title":"Cooperative Data Scheduling in Hybrid Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: VANET as a Software Defined Network","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, A.A., Abolhasan, M., and Ni, W. (2018, January 12\u201315). 5G next generation VANETs using SDN and fog computing framework. Proceedings of the 2018 15th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2018.8319192"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2019, January 18). International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, January 18). The Mobile Broadband Standard. Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"ETSI (2019, January 18). ETSI\u20135G. Available online: http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/technologies-clusters\/technologies\/5g."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"NGMN (2019, January 18). NGMN 5G White Paper. Available online: https:\/\/www.ngmn.org."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"ATIS (2019, January 18). The Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/www.atis.org."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"5G-PPP (2019, January 18). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership. Available online: https:\/\/5g-ppp.eu."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"IEEE Future Networks (2019, January 18). IEEE Future Networks Enabling 5G and Beyond. Available online: https:\/\/futurenetworks.ieee.org."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"5G-Americas (2019, January 18). 5G Americas White Papers. Available online: http:\/\/www.5gamericas.org."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"5GMF (2019, January 18). Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Promotion Forum. Available online: http:\/\/5gmf.jp."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Verizon (2019, January 18). Verizon 5G Technical Forum. Available online: http:\/\/www.5gtf.net."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2019, January 18). 5TONIC. Available online: https:\/\/www.5tonic.org."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"5GAA (2019, January 18). 5G Automotive Association. Available online: http:\/\/5gaa.org."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Surrey (2019, January 18). 5G Innovation Centre. Available online: http:\/\/www.surrey.ac.uk\/5gic."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"NYU (2019, January 18). NYU Wireless\u20145G mmWave Research. Available online: http:\/\/wireless.engineering.nyu.edu."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"TELEBRASIL (2019, January 18). Projeto 5G Brasil. Available online: http:\/\/www.telebrasil.org.br\/5gbrasil."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"UMT (2019, January 18). UTM Ericsson Innovation Centre for 5G. Available online: http:\/\/www.utm.my\/wcc\/utm-ericsson-innovation-centre-for-5g."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6957145","article-title":"Design considerations for a 5G network architecture","volume":"52","author":"Agyapong","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostopoulos, A., Chochliouros, I., Kuo, F., Riggio, R., Goratti, L., Nikaein, N., Giannoulakis, I., P\u00e9rez-Romero, J., Chen, T., and Steinert, R. (2017, January 21\u201325). Design aspects for 5G architectures: The SESAME and COHERENT approach. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2017.7962787"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Key techniques for 5G wireless communications: Network architecture, physical layer, and MAC layer perspectives","volume":"58","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2015.10.006","article-title":"A survey on 5G: The next generation of mobile communication","volume":"18","author":"Panwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, January 18). Release 15. Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/release-15."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, January 18). System Architecture for the 5G System. Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/DynaReport\/23501.htm."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union (2019, January 18). Recommendation. ITU-R M.2083-0: IMT Vision\u2014Framework and Overall Objectives of the Future Development of IMT for 2020 and Beyond. Available online: http:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/R-REC-M.2083."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736752","article-title":"Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2760418","article-title":"NFV and SDN\u2014Key Technology Enablers for 5G Networks","volume":"35","author":"Yousaf","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7010546","article-title":"Software-defined networking: Management requirements and challenges","volume":"53","author":"Wickboldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"ONF (2019, January 18). SDN Technical Specifications. Available online: https:\/\/www.opennetworking.org\/software-defined-standards\/specifications."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2915","article-title":"SDN-based 5G mobile networks: Architecture, functions, procedures and backward compatibility","volume":"26","author":"Trivisonno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campolo, C., Molinaro, A., Iera, A., Fontes, R.R., and Rothenberg, C.E. (2018, January 25\u201329). Towards 5G Network Slicing for the V2X Ecosystem. Proceedings of the 2018 4th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization and Workshops (NetSoft), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/NETSOFT.2018.8459911"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mushtaq, M.S., Fowler, S., Augustin, B., and Mellouk, A. (2016, January 3\u20136). QoE in 5G cloud networks using multimedia services. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Doha, Qatar.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2016.7565173"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kombate, D. (2016, January 16\u201319). The Internet of Vehicles Based on 5G Communications. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData.2016.105"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"NI (2019, January 18). National Instruments: 5G New Radio (NR) for Wireless Communications. Available online: http:\/\/www.ni.com\/en-us\/innovations\/5g.html."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"MathWorks (2019, January 18). MathWorks\u2014Makers of MATLAB and Simulink. Available online: https:\/\/www.mathworks.com."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"FOKUS (2019, January 18). NGNI\u20145G Playground. Available online: https:\/\/www.fokus.fraunhofer.de\/go\/en\/fokus_testbeds\/5g_playground."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Riverbed (2019, January 18). Riverbed Modeler. Available online: https:\/\/www.riverbed.com\/products\/steelcentral\/steelcentral-riverbed-modeler.html."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"OSA (2019, January 18). OpenAirInterface|5G Software Alliance for Democratising Wireless Innovation. Available online: http:\/\/www.openairinterface.org."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"ns-3 (2019, January 18). ns-3 Network Simulator. Available online: https:\/\/www.nsnam.org."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"CTTC (2019, January 18). LENA. Available online: http:\/\/networks.cttc.es\/mobile-networks\/software-tools\/lena."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abreu, T., Baynat, B., Gachaoui, M., Jimenez, T., and Nya, N. (2015, January 24\u201326). Comparative study of LTE simulations with the ns-3 and the Vienna simulators. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.24-8-2015.2260782"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Keysight (2019, January 18). Keysight Technologies. Available online: http:\/\/www.keysight.com."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storck, C.R., and Duarte-Figueiredo, F. (2018, January 14\u201316). 5G V2X Ecosystem Providing Entertainment on Board using mmWave Communications. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Latin-American Conference on Communications (IEEE Latincom \u201918), Guadalajara, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/LATINCOM.2018.8613206"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mezzavilla, M., Dutta, S., Zhang, M., Akdeniz, M.R., and Rangan, S. (2015, January 2\u20136). 5G MmWave Module for the ns-3 Network Simulator. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, Cancun, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1145\/2811587.2811619"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2647803","article-title":"Frame Structure Design and Analysis for Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems","volume":"16","author":"Dutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ott, H., Miller, K., and Wolisz, A. (2017, January 13\u201314). Simulation Framework for HTTP-Based Adaptive Streaming Applications. Proceedings of the Workshop on ns-3 (WNS3 \u201917), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3067665.3067675"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Chaves, L. (2019, January 18). OpenFlow 1.3 Module for ns-3. Available online: http:\/\/www.lrc.ic.unicamp.br\/ofswitch13."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.081313.00105","article-title":"Network Innovation using OpenFlow: A Survey","volume":"16","author":"Lara","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2326417","article-title":"A Survey on Software-Defined Network and OpenFlow: From Concept to Implementation","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, January 18). Study on Scenarios and Requirements for Next Generation Access Technologies. Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/dynareport\/38913.htm."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2019, January 18). Occupancy Rates of Passenger Vehicles. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/occupancy-rates-of-passenger-vehicles."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, January 18). Policy and Charging Control Architecture. Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/DynaReport\/23203.htm."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/550\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:29:20Z","timestamp":1760185760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s19030550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19030550","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]}}}