{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T19:58:01Z","timestamp":1767211081787,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, a number of wearable approaches have been introduced for objective monitoring of cigarette smoking based on monitoring of hand gestures, breathing or cigarette lighting events. However, non-reactive, objective and accurate measurement of everyday cigarette consumption in the wild remains a challenge. This study utilizes a wearable sensor system (Personal Automatic Cigarette Tracker 2.0, PACT2.0) and proposes a method that integrates information from an instrumented lighter and a 6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) on the wrist for accurate detection of smoking events. The PACT2.0 was utilized in a study of 35 moderate to heavy smokers in both controlled (1.5\u20132 h) and unconstrained free-living conditions (~24 h). The collected dataset contained approximately 871 h of IMU data, 463 lighting events, and 443 cigarettes. The proposed method identified smoking events from the cigarette lighter data and estimated puff counts by detecting hand-to-mouth gestures (HMG) in the IMU data by a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) cross-validation on the data from the controlled portion of the study achieved high accuracy and F1-score of smoking event detection and estimation of puff counts (97%\/98% and 93%\/86%, respectively). The results of validation in free-living demonstrate 84.9% agreement with self-reported cigarettes. These results suggest that an IMU and instrumented lighter may potentially be used in studies of smoking behavior under natural conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T11:27:52Z","timestamp":1548761272000},"page":"570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Cigarette Smoking Detection with An Inertial Sensor and A Smart Lighter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Volkan","family":"Senyurek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"}]},{"given":"Masudul","family":"Imtiaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"}]},{"given":"Prajakta","family":"Belsare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Tiffany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Sazonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). 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