{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T12:28:18Z","timestamp":1776774498926,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department Project","award":["2016A020226018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016A020226018"]}]},{"name":"Central support for local college project","award":["51348000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51348000"]}]},{"name":"Project of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Action Plan for Chinese Medicine","award":["ZYBZH-Y-GD-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYBZH-Y-GD-13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alpinia officinarum Hance is both an herbal medicine and a condiment, and generally has different cultivars such as Zhutou galangal and Fengwo galangal. The appearance of these A. officinarum cultivars is similar, but their chemical composition and quality are different. It is therefore important to discriminate between different A. officinarum plants to ensure the consistency of the efficacy of the medicine. Therefore, we used an electronic nose (E-nose) to explore the differences in odor information between the two cultivars for fast and robust discrimination. Methods: Odor and volatile components of all A. officinarum samples were detected by the E-nose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. The E-nose sensors and GC-MS data were analyzed respectively by principal component analysis (PCA), the correlation between E-nose sensors and GC-MS data were analyzed by partial least squares (PLS). Results: It was found that Zhutou galangal and Fengwo galangal can be discriminated by combining the E-nose with PCA, and the E-nose sensors S2, S6, S7, S9 were important sensors for distinguishing different cultivars of A. officinarum. A total of 56 volatile components of A. officinarum were identified by the GC-MS analysis, and the composition and content of the volatile components from the two different A. officinarum cultivars were different, in particular the relative contents of 1,8-cineole and \u03b1-farnesene. The classification result by PCA analysis based on GC-MS data was consistent with the E-nose results. The PLS analysis demonstrated that the volatile terpene, alcohol and ester components primarily interacted with the sensors S2 and S7, indicating that particular E-nose sensors were highly correlated with some aroma constituents. Conclusions: Combined with advanced chemometrics, the E-nose detection technology can discriminate two cultivars of A. officinarum, with GC-MS providing support to determine the material basis of the E-nose sensors\u2019 response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T10:58:27Z","timestamp":1548845907000},"page":"572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Discrimination of Two Cultivars of Alpinia Officinarum Hance Using an Electronic Nose and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Chemometrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Qin","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Gholam Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Information Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shumei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dehan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"142","article-title":"The Effects of Aqueous Extract of Alpinia Galangal on Gastric Cancer Cells (AGS) and L929 Cells in Vitro","volume":"7","author":"Hadjzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4103\/phrev.phrev_55_16","article-title":"A Review on the Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemicals of Alpinia officinarum (Galangal) Extracts Derived from Bioassay-Guided Fractionation and Isolation","volume":"11","author":"Basri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"3","article-title":"Morphological Comparison of Different Cultured Varieties of Rhizoma Alpiniae officinarum in GAP Base","volume":"22","author":"Zhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"109","article-title":"Study on HPLC Fingerprint and Content Determination of Index Componentsof Different Cultivars of Alpinia officinarum Hance","volume":"36","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Guangzhou Univ. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.154","article-title":"Chemopreventive mechanisms of galangin against hepatocellular carcinoma: A review","volume":"109","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.10.027","article-title":"Galangin inhibits growth of human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"224","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2983","article-title":"Protective effect of galangin in Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2014.968257","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of galangin on lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages via ERK and NF-kappa B pathway regulation","volume":"36","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03393.x","article-title":"Aggregation of Staphylococcus aureus following treatment with the antibacterial flavonol galangin","volume":"103","author":"Cushnie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.01.024","article-title":"Isolates of Alpinia officinarum Hance as COX-2 inhibitors: Evidence from anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and molecular docking studies","volume":"33","author":"Honmore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Luo, D., GholamHosseini, H., Li, Z., and He, J. (2017). Identification of Chinese Herbal Medicines with Electronic Nose Technology: Applications and Challenges. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051073"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.01.144","article-title":"A novel method for qualitative analysis of edible oil oxidation using an electronic nose","volume":"202","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2009.09.018","article-title":"Application of the electronic nose to the identification of different milk flavorings","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.10.044","article-title":"Development and application of a new electronic nose instrument for the detection of colorectal cancer","volume":"67","author":"Westenbrink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00569-10","article-title":"Electronic-Nose Technology Using Sputum Samples in Diagnosis of Patients with Tuberculosis","volume":"48","author":"Kolk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.06.050","article-title":"Application of electronic nose for industrial odors and gaseous emissions measurement and monitoring\u2014An overview","volume":"144","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2015.10.005","article-title":"Application of electrochemical sensors and sensor matrixes for measurement of odorous chemical compounds","volume":"77","author":"Gebicki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trac-Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.01.002","article-title":"Discrimination of American ginseng and Asian ginseng using electronic nose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with chemometrics","volume":"41","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.03.018","article-title":"Can odors of TCM be captured by electronic nose? The novel quality control method for musk by electronic nose coupled with chemometrics","volume":"55","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001415500032","article-title":"A Novel Approach for Classification of Chinese Herbal Medicines Using Diffusion Maps","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2014.10.011","article-title":"Rapid assessment of quality of deer antler slices by using an electronic nose coupled with chemometric analysis","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Farmacogn. Braz. J. Pharmacogn."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(01)00155-1","article-title":"PLS-regression: A basic tool of chemometrics","volume":"58","author":"Wold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-003-1191-4","article-title":"Cloning and functional expression of an (E,E)-alpha-farnesene synthase cDNA from peel tissue of apple fruit","volume":"219","author":"Pechous","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-013-0085-x","article-title":"A novel quality evaluation index and strategies to identify scenting quality of jasmine tea based on headspace volatiles analysis","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Study on the factors affecting the quality of Chinese medicinal materials","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.09.004","article-title":"Distribution patterns for metabolites in medicinal parts of wild and cultivated licorice","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.06.088","article-title":"Sorting and identification of Rehmannia glutinosa germplasm resources based on EST-SSR, scanning electron microscopy micromorphology, and quantitative taxonomy","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y.Y., Zeng, X., Peng, W., Wu, Z., and Su, W.W. (2018). Study on the Discrimination between Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Varieties Based on HS-SPME-GC-MS Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analyses. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23051235"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2017.11.008","article-title":"Phytochemical variation among the traditional Chinese medicine Mu Dan Pi from Paeonia suffruticosa (tree peony)","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/572\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:29:36Z","timestamp":1760185776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s19030572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19030572","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]]}}}