{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T16:08:49Z","timestamp":1781021329443,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental loads linked with pointing errors, such as gravity, thermal gradients, and wind disturbances, are a serious concern for large-aperture high-frequency radio telescopes. For the purpose of maintaining the pointing performance of a telescope, a contact measurement scheme is proposed on basis of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors that can monitor the sub-reflector shift in real time as the input data of the adjustment system. In this scheme, the relationship between the in situ strain measurement and the deformation of the supporting structure, which is the main cause of sub-reflector shift, is deduced using the inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM). Finally, experimental studies are carried out on a simple physical structure model to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the contact measurement scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T11:19:58Z","timestamp":1549019998000},"page":"619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Real-Time Monitoring of the Position and Orientation of a Radio Telescope Sub-Reflector with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9292-7633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingli","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisanu, T., Buffa, F., Poppi, S., Marongiu, P., Serra, G., Vargiu, G.P., and Concu, R. (2014, January 22\u201327). The SRT inclinometer for monitoring the rail and the thermal gradient effects on the alidade structure. Proceedings of the SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2055556"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1086\/660677","article-title":"Measuring and Correcting Wind-Induced Pointing Errors of the Green Bank Telescope Using an Optical Quadrant Detector","volume":"123","author":"Ries","year":"2011","journal-title":"Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Kesteven, M., Wilson, W., and Li, C. (2009, January 9\u201311). A distributed control system for a radio telescope with six-meter hexapod mount. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation, Edinburgh, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCA.2009.5410319"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"84442E1-9","article-title":"Architecture of the metrology for the SRT","volume":"8444","author":"Pisanu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"91454U1-9","article-title":"A PSD (position sensing device) to map the shift and tilt of the SRT secondary mirror","volume":"9145","author":"Pisanu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.2514\/1.J052215","article-title":"Strain-based deformation shape-estimation algorithm for control and monitoring applications","volume":"51","author":"Derkevorkian","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.2514\/1.J053986","article-title":"Wing shape sensing from measured strain","volume":"54","author":"Pak","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.06.026","article-title":"Wireless and distributed sensing of the shape of morphing structures","volume":"140","author":"Akl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18666","DOI":"10.3390\/s150818666","article-title":"Fiber optic sensors for structural health monitoring of aircraft composite structures: Recent advances and applications","volume":"15","author":"Sante","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.06.034","article-title":"Recent Developments in Fiber Optic Shape Sensing","volume":"128","author":"Amanzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012024","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/152\/1\/012024","article-title":"Real-time monitoring system of composite aircraft wings utilizing Fibre Bragg Grating sensor","volume":"152","author":"Vorathin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ko, W.L., Richards, W.L., and Fleischer, V.T. (2009). Applications of the Ko displacement theory to the deformed shape predictions of the doubly-tapered Ikhana wing. NASA\/TP-2009-214652, NASN Dryden Flight Research Center."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Jutte, C.V., Ko, W.L., Stephens, C.A., and Al, E. (2011). Deformed Shape Calculation of a Full-Scale Wing Using Fiber Optic Strain Data from a Ground Loads Test, NASA Langley Research Center, Rept, TP-215975."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogert, P., Haugse, E., and Gehrki, R. (2003, January 7\u201310). Structural shape identification from experimental strains using a modal transformation technique. Proceedings of the 44th AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Norfolk, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2003-1626"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2012.06.009","article-title":"Shape sensing of 3D frame structures using an inverse finite element method","volume":"49","author":"Gherlone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Tessler, A., and Spangler, J.L. (2003). A variational principle for reconstruction of elastic deformations in shear deformable plates and shells, NASA Langley Research Center TM-212445."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/4\/045027","article-title":"An inverse finite element method for beam shape sensing: Theoretical framework and experimental validation","volume":"23","author":"Gherlone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Du, J., Bao, H., and Xu, Q. (2018). Optimal Sensor Placement Based on Eigenvalues Analysis for Sensing Deformation of Wing Frame Using iFEM. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082424"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimal Sensor Placement for Inverse Finite Element Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Frame Deformation","volume":"2018","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Aerospace Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2018.04.001","article-title":"Shape sensing methods: Review and experimental comparison on a wing-shaped plate","volume":"99","author":"Gherlone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Application Research of Inverse Finite Element Method for Frame Deformation Estimating","volume":"2017","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Werneck, M.M., Allil, R.C.S.B., Ribeiro, B.A., and de Nazar\u00e9, F.V.B. (2013). A Guide to Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors. Current Trends in Short-and Long-Period Fiber Gratings, INTECH."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/619\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:30:18Z","timestamp":1760185818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/619"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s19030619"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19030619","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}}}