{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T21:25:53Z","timestamp":1774387553723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Decreasing performance of the sensory systems\u2019 for balance control, including the visual, somatosensory and vestibular system, is associated with increased fall risk in older adults. A smartphone-based version of the Timed Up-and-Go (mTUG) may allow screening sensory balance impairments through mTUG subphases. The association between mTUG subphases and sensory system performance is examined. Methods: Functional mobility of forty-one community-dwelling older adults (&gt;55 years) was measured using a validated mTUG. Duration of mTUG and its subphases \u2018sit-to-walk\u2019, \u2018walking\u2019, \u2018turning\u2019, \u2018turn-to-sit\u2019 and \u2018sit-down\u2019 were extracted. Sensory systems\u2019 performance was quantified by validated posturography during standing (30 s) under different conditions. Visual, somatosensory and vestibular control ratios (CR) were calculated from posturography and correlated with mTUG subphases. Results: Vestibular CR correlated with mTUG total time (r = 0.54; p &lt; 0.01), subphases \u2018walking\u2019 (r = 0.56; p &lt; 0.01), and \u2018turning\u2019 (r = 0.43; p = 0.01). Somatosensory CR correlated with mTUG total time (r = 0.52; p = 0.01), subphases \u2018walking\u2019 (r = 0.52; p &lt; 0.01) and \u2018turning\u2019 (r = 0.44; p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Supporting the proposed approach, results indicate an association between specific mTUG subphases and sensory system performance. mTUG subphases \u2018walking\u2019 and \u2018turning\u2019 may allow screening for sensory system deterioration. This is a first step towards an objective, detailed and expeditious balance control assessment, however needing validation in a larger study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T11:19:58Z","timestamp":1549019998000},"page":"622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Towards Using the Instrumented Timed Up-and-Go Test for Screening of Sensory System Performance for Balance Control in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gerhardy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Strasse 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Gordt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Strasse 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Carl-Philipp","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Strasse 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schwenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Strasse 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000236027","article-title":"Validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale and Falls Efficacy Scale International in geriatric patients with and without cognitive impairment: Results of self-report and interview-based questionnaires","volume":"56","author":"Hauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biesinger, E., and Iro, H. (2007). Schwindel, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-47448-7"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865038","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1865038","article-title":"Does Sensory Function Decline Independently or Concomitantly with Age? Data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging","volume":"2016","author":"Gadkaree","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aging Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.49107.x","article-title":"Visual risk factors for falls in older people","volume":"49","author":"Lord","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20010319)431:4<437::AID-CNE1081>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Age-related change in the number of neurons in the human vestibular ganglion","volume":"431","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.532","article-title":"Vestibular and motor contributions to mobility: Limitations of seniors awaiting discharge from hospital care","volume":"17","author":"Golder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiother. Res. Int. J. Res. Clin. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2008.09.001","article-title":"Balance disorders in the elderly","volume":"38","author":"Sturnieks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.01.035","article-title":"Joint position sense in elderly fallers: A preliminary investigation of the validity and reliability of the SENSERite measure","volume":"86","author":"You","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(02)00224-3","article-title":"The effect of aging on dynamic position sense at the ankle","volume":"136","author":"Verschueren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200502000-00005","article-title":"A speedy solution for balance and gait analysis: Angular velocity measured at the centre of body mass","volume":"18","author":"Allum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M438","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.7.M438","article-title":"Trunk sway measures of postural stability during clinical balance tests: Effects of age","volume":"56","author":"Gill","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.66","article-title":"Disorders of balance and vestibular function in US adults: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001\u20132004","volume":"169","author":"Agrawal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2009.00516.x","article-title":"Sensory interaction on static balance: A comparison concerning the history of falls of community-dwelling elderly","volume":"9","author":"Ricci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12106","article-title":"Discriminative ability and predictive validity of the timed up and go test in identifying older people who fall: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Schoene","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20140253","article-title":"Role of body-worn movement monitor technology for balance and gait rehabilitation","volume":"95","author":"Horak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1159\/000071999","article-title":"Improvements in trunk sway observed for stance and gait tasks during recovery from an acute unilateral peripheral vestibular deficit","volume":"8","author":"Allum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Audiol. Neuro-Otol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2010.2047606","article-title":"iTUG, a sensitive and reliable measure of mobility","volume":"18","author":"Salarian","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.173740","article-title":"The instrumented timed up and go test: Potential outcome measure for disease modifying therapies in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"81","author":"Zampieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.6.507","article-title":"Neighborhood environment and loss of physical function in older adults: Evidence from the Alameda County Study","volume":"155","author":"Balfour","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw043","article-title":"Age-Related Change in Mobility: Perspectives From Life Course Epidemiology and Geroscience","volume":"71","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1995.tb01029.x","article-title":"Improving the diagnostic accuracy of the Mini-Mental State Examination","volume":"92","author":"Monsch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afm157","article-title":"The Short FES-I: A shortened version of the falls efficacy scale-international to assess fear of falling","volume":"37","author":"Kempen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Measuring balance in the elderly: Validation of an instrument","volume":"83","author":"Berg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health = Rev. Can. De Sante Publique"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.02.006","article-title":"Validity of a Smartphone-based instrumented Timed Up and Go","volume":"36","author":"Mellone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2007-172-302","article-title":"Effect of age and height on trunk sway during stance and gait","volume":"17","author":"Hegeman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res. Equilib. Orientat."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2009). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Psychology Press. [2th ed.]. reprint."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afp225","article-title":"The Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I). A comprehensive longitudinal validation study","volume":"39","author":"Delbaere","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.3.1097","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration in human postural control","volume":"88","author":"Peterka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01260.2003","article-title":"When is vestibular information important during walking?","volume":"92","author":"Bent","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"2333721418775551","article-title":"Perceived and Functional Balance Control Is Negatively Affected by Diminished Touch and Vibration Sensitivity in Relatively Healthy Older Adults and Elderly","volume":"4","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontol. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.8.3.214","article-title":"Effects of Lower Extremity Strength Training on Functional Mobility in Older Adults","volume":"8","author":"Brandon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.11.1207","article-title":"Repeated chair stands as a measure of lower limb strength in sexagenarian women","volume":"59","author":"McCarthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2008-185-606","article-title":"Usefulness of some current balance tests for identifying individuals with disequilibrium due to vestibular impairments","volume":"18","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res. Equilib. Orientat."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s13670-013-0057-2","article-title":"Assessment of Gait, Balance, and Mobility in Older Adults: Considerations for Clinicians","volume":"2","author":"Middleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Transl. Geriatr. Exp. Gerontol. Rep."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/622\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:30:19Z","timestamp":1760185819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s19030622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19030622","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}}}