{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:00:48Z","timestamp":1771513248541,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An important challenge for our society is the transformation of traditional power systems to a decentralized model based on renewable energy sources. In this new scenario, advanced devices are needed for real-time monitoring and control of the energy flow and power quality (PQ). Ideally, the data collected by Internet of Thing (IoT) sensors should be shared to central cloud systems for online and off-line analysis. In this paper openZmeter (oZm) is presented as an advanced low-cost and open-source hardware device for high-precision energy and power quality measurement in low-voltage power systems. An analog front end (AFE) stage is designed and developed for the acquisition, conditioning, and processing of power signals. This AFE can be stacked on available quadcore embedded ARM boards. The proposed hardware is capable of adapting voltage signals up to 800 V AC\/DC and currents up to thousands of amperes using different probes. The oZm device is described as a fully autonomous open-source system for the computation and visualization of PQ events and consumed\/generated energy, along with full details of its hardware implementation. It also has the ability to send data to central cloud management systems. Given the small size of the hardware design and considering that it allows measurements under a wide range of operating conditions, oZm can be used both as bulk metering or as metering\/submetering device for individual appliances. The design is released as open hardware and therefore is presented to the community as a powerful tool for general usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T11:19:58Z","timestamp":1549019998000},"page":"627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["An Open Hardware Design for Internet of Things Power Quality and Energy Saving Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Viciana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2776-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Alcayde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4105-565X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco G.","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7844-4902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Ba\u00f1os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5510-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco M.","family":"Arrabal-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0085-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Manzano-Agugliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Paraskevakos, T. (1974). Sensor Monitoring Device. (3,842,208), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uribe-P\u00e9rez, N., Hern\u00e1ndez, L., de la Vega, D., and Angulo, I. (2016). State of the Art and Trends Review of Smart Metering in Electricity Grids. Appl. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/app6030068"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Union, E. (2019, January 12). Directive 2012\/27\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on Energy Efficiency, Amending Directives 2009\/125\/EC and 2010\/30\/EU and Repealing Directives 2004\/8\/EC and 2006\/32\/EC. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:315:0001:0056:en:PDF."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Union (2014). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, European Union."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.101911.00087","article-title":"Smart grid\u2014The new and improved power grid: A survey","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2017.2692243","article-title":"Complex networks theory for modern smart grid applications: A survey","volume":"7","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zunnurain, I., Maruf, M., Rahman, M., and Shafiullah, G. (2018). Implementation of advanced demand side management for microgrid incorporating demand response and home energy management system. Infrastructures, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures3040050"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.07.045","article-title":"Smart operations of smart grids integrated with distributed generation: A review","volume":"81","author":"Kakran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.040","article-title":"Microgrids: A review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues","volume":"90","author":"Hirsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2017.03.006","article-title":"Data mining of smart meters for load category based disaggregation of residential power consumption","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Grids Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.06.059","article-title":"Real-time system for automatic detection and classification of single and multiple power quality disturbances","volume":"128","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.170","article-title":"Performance analysis of smart metering for smart grid: An overview","volume":"49","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2640453","article-title":"Distributed real-time energy management in data center microgrids","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J.M., Yang, M.T., and Chen, P.L. (2017). Design and implementation of an intelligent windowsill system using smart handheld device and fuzzy microcontroller. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040830"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.01.042","article-title":"Dynamic operation and control of microgrid hybrid power systems","volume":"66","author":"Ou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2013.06.005","article-title":"Ground fault current analysis with a direct building algorithm for microgrid distribution","volume":"53","author":"Ou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2012.05.012","article-title":"A novel unsymmetrical faults analysis for microgrid distribution systems","volume":"43","author":"Ou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2017.05.012","article-title":"Adaptive real-time congestion management in smart power systems using a real-time hybrid optimization algorithm","volume":"150","author":"Esfahani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (2003). Electromagnetic Compability (EMC)\u2014Part 4: Testing and Measurement Techniques\u2014Power Quality Measurement Methods, International Electrotechnical Commission."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Power quality disturbances classification based on curvelet transform","volume":"40","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4236\/sgre.2015.66014","article-title":"Power Quality Issues Concerning Photovoltaic Generation in Distribution Grids","volume":"2015. 6","author":"Niitsoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Grid Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2016.03.020","article-title":"Conjugate gradient back-propagation based artificial neural network for real time power quality assessment","volume":"82","author":"Khadse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2562601","article-title":"Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform-Based Control Algorithm for Power Quality Improvement in a Distribution System","volume":"64","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2527727","article-title":"A Novel Series Power Quality Controller With Reduced Passive Power Filter","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2017.2657482","article-title":"Power Quality Enhancement for a Grid Connected Wind Turbine Energy System","volume":"53","author":"Bubshait","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2009). IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality, IEEE. IEEE Std 1159-2009 (Revision of IEEE Std 1159-1995)."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, Y., Cao, J., Zhang, H., Zhu, Z., and Yao, S. (2014, January 3\u20136). Optimization of the power quality monitor number in Smart Grid. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), Venice, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm.2014.7007651"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"and Laskar, S.H. (2012, January 4\u20137). Power quality issues and need of intelligent PQ monitoring in the smart grid environment. Proceedings of the 2012 47th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"009","article-title":"Power quality disturbance classification based on S transform and Fourier transform","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hunan Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/15325000903273387","article-title":"Detection and classification of power quality disturbances using wavelet transform and support vector machines","volume":"38","author":"Moravej","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electr. Power Compon. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Wang, F., Jin, Z., Zhu, Z., and Wang, X. (2005, January 13\u201315). Application of extended Kalman filter to the modeling of electric arc furnace for power quality issues. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks and Brain, ICNN&B\u201905, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.12733\/jics20105570","article-title":"Power quality disturbance based on Gabor-Wigner transform","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ingormation Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Yalcin, T., Ozgonenel, O., and Kurt, U. (2011, January 1\u20134). Multi-class power quality disturbances classification by using ensemble empirical mode decomposition based SVM. Proceedings of the 2011 7th International Conference on IEEE Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), Bursa, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Shen, Y., Wu, H., Liu, G., Liu, H., Zhang, H., and Xia, W. (July, January 29). Study on identification of power quality disturbances based on compressive sensing. Proceedings of the 2014 11th World Congress on. IEEE Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), Shenyang, China."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaik, S., Babu, U.R., and Subhani, S. (2016, January 25\u201326). Detection and classification of power quality disturbances: Using curvelet transform and support vector machines. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on IEEE Information Communication and Embedded Systems (ICICES), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICES.2016.7518870"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"006","article-title":"Power quality disturbance classification based on Hilbert transform and classification trees","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electr. Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Z., Ning, F., Li, W., and Gulliver, T.A. (2013, January 27\u201329). Power quality signal analysis for the smart grid using the Hilbert-Huang transform. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing (PACRIM), Victoria, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/PACRIM.2013.6625492"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Lopera, A.F., \u00c1lvarez, M.A., and Orozco, \u00c1.\u00c1. (2016). Sparse linear models applied to power quality disturbance classification. Iberoamerican Congress on Pattern Recognition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52277-7_63"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.10.038","article-title":"Combined VMD-SVM based feature selection method for classification of power quality events","volume":"38","author":"Abdoos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2669-4","article-title":"Fuzzy logic based on-line fault detection and classification in transmission line","volume":"5","author":"Adhikari","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2016.1196620","article-title":"Classification of power quality disturbances via deep learning","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"IETE Tech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2017.1304290","article-title":"Power quality disturbances classification using compressive sensing and maximum likelihood","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IETE Tech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoya, F.G., Alcayde, A., S\u00e1nchez, P., G\u00f3mez, J., and Mart\u00edn, F. (2011, January 11\u201313). zEnergy: An open source project for power quality assessment and monitoring. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, Malaga, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/PowerEng.2011.6036474"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2016.04.026","article-title":"Regulatory and market barriers to the realization of demand response in electricity distribution networks: A European perspective","volume":"140","author":"Reneses","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viciana, E., Alcayde, A., Montoya, F., Ba\u00f1os, R., Arrabal-Campos, F., Zapata-Sierra, A., and Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2018). OpenZmeter: An Efficient Low-Cost Energy Smart Meter and Power Quality Analyzer. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10114038"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Charras, J.P. (2019, January 12). Kicad: GPL PCB Suite. Available online: http:\/\/www.kicad-pcb.org."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2004.840301","article-title":"The design and implementation of FFTW3","volume":"93","author":"Frigo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volgyesi, P., Dubey, A., Krentz, T., Madari, I., Metelko, M., and Karsai, G. (2017, January 15\u201320). Time synchronization services for low-cost fog computing applications. Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on Rapid System Prototyping: Shortening the Path from Specification to Prototype, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/3130265.3130325"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2010). IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions, IEEE. IEEE Std 1459-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1459-2000)."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czarnecki, L.S. (2008, January 10\u201313). Currents\u2019 physical components (CPC) concept: A fundamental of power theory. Proceedings of the IEEE International School on Nonsinusoidal Currents and Compensation ISNCC 2008, \u0141ag\u00f3w, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISNCC.2008.4627483"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, M., Castro-Puche, R., and Nowicki, E. (2010, January 15\u201318). The use of geometric algebra in circuit analysis and its impact on the definition of power. Proceedings of the 2010 International School on IEEE Nonsinusoidal Currents and Compensation (ISNCC), Lagow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISNCC.2010.5524519"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:30:22Z","timestamp":1760185822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s19030627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19030627","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}}}