{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:32:41Z","timestamp":1760239961619,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,2]],"date-time":"2019-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2014R1A6A3A04059410, NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014R1A6A3A04059410, NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an optimization algorithm to determine the optimal coherent combination candidates of distributed local beams in a wireless sensor network. The beams are generated from analog uniform linear arrays of nodes and headed toward the random directions due to the irregular surface where the nodes are mounted. Our algorithm is based on one of the meta-heuristic schemes (i.e., the single-objective simulated annealing) and designed to solve the objective of minimizing the average interference-to-noise ratio (INR) under the millimeter wave channel, which leads to the reduction of sidelobes. The simulation results show that synthesizing the beams on the given system can form a deterministic mainlobe with considerable and unpredictable sidelobes in undesired directions, and the proposed algorithm can decrease the average INR (i.e., the average improvement of 12.2 dB and 3.1 dB are observed in the directions of      \u03c0 6      and       2 \u03c0  3     , respectively) significantly without the severe loss of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the desired direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T11:31:07Z","timestamp":1549366267000},"page":"633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimized Combination of Local Beams for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Semyoung","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Air Force Academy, Cheongju 28187, Korea"}]},{"given":"Young-Dam","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5560-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daejin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamond, S.M., and Ceruti, M.G. (2007, January 23\u201327). Application of wireless sensor network to military information integration. Proceedings of the 2007 5th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN.2007.4384776"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkler, M., Tuchs, K.D., Hughes, K., and Barclay, G. (2008). Theoretical and practical aspects of military wireless sensor networks. J. Telecommun. Inf. Technol., 37\u201345.","DOI":"10.26636\/jtit.2008.2.870"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Yawut, C., and Kilaso, S. (2011, January 28\u201329). A wireless sensor network for weather and disaster alarm systems. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Electronics Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trasvi\u00f1a-Moreno, C.A., Blasco, R., Marco, \u00c1., Casas, R., and Trasvi\u00f1a-Castro, A. (2017). Unmanned aerial vehicle based wireless sensor network for marine-coastal environment monitoring. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030460"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2014.000077","article-title":"A robust wearable u-healthcare platform in wireless sensor network","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2691551","article-title":"Structural health monitoring using wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive survey","volume":"19","author":"Noel","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Sazonov, E., and Neuman, M.R. (2014). Wearable Sensors: Fundamentals, Implementation and Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.012014.132659","article-title":"Fast and low-power link setup for IEEE 802.15. 3c multi-gigabit\/s wireless sensor networks","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600212","article-title":"Efficient energy transport in 60 GHz for wireless industrial sensor networks","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2872381","article-title":"Energy Beamforming in Wireless Powered mmWave Sensor Networks","volume":"37","author":"Psomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2844322","article-title":"Millimeter wave communication: A comprehensive survey","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2013.090513.120848","article-title":"Millimeter wave beamforming for wireless backhaul and access in small cell networks","volume":"61","author":"Hur","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Shi, Z., and Gu, Y. (2017, January 8\u201312). Coprime array adaptive beamforming with enhanced degrees-of-freedom capability. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2017.7944417"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2704610","article-title":"A robust and efficient algorithm for coprime array adaptive beamforming","volume":"67","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedetti, M., Rocca, P., Donelli, M., Lizzi, L., Viani, F., Martinelli, M., Ioriatti, L., and Massa, A. (2008, January 5\u201311). On the integration of smart antennas in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2008.4619571"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavak, A., and Kucuk, K. (2009, January 7\u201310). On connectivity analysis of smart antenna capable wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2009 6th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems, Tuscany, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2009.5285278"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1163\/156939310791285227","article-title":"Exploitation of parasitic smart antennas in wireless sensor networks","volume":"24","author":"Viani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.04.002","article-title":"Wireless sensor network survey","volume":"52","author":"Yick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2016.2630035","article-title":"Path-Loss Modeling for Wireless Sensor Networks: A review of models and comparative evaluations","volume":"59","author":"Kurt","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2877","article-title":"Empirical Path Loss Models for Wireless Sensor Network Deployment in Snowy Environments","volume":"16","author":"Cheffena","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Hu, Z., and Li, B. (2004). Fundamental performance limits of wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Sens. Netw., 81\u2013101."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4110","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.857028","article-title":"Collaborative beamforming for distributed wireless ad hoc sensor networks","volume":"53","author":"Ochiai","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.071339","article-title":"Collaborative beamforming for wireless sensor networks with Gaussian distributed sensor nodes","volume":"8","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2012.050912.120370","article-title":"Collaborative beamforming for wireless sensor networks with arbitrary distributed sensors","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsinos, C.G., and Berberidis, K. (2009, January 5\u20137). An adaptive beamforming scheme for cooperative wireless networks. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, Santorini, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSP.2009.5201247"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsinos, C.G., Vlachos, E., and Berberidis, K. (2013, January 8\u201311). Distributed blind adaptive computation of beamforming weights for relay networks. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 24th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2013.6666201"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2017.2779276","article-title":"An efficient algorithm for unit-modulus quadratic programs with application in beamforming for wireless sensor networks","volume":"25","author":"Tsinos","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6168","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2077631","article-title":"Sidelobe control in collaborative beamforming via node selection","volume":"58","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5984","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2478898","article-title":"An efficient sensor-node selection algorithm for sidelobe control in collaborative beamforming","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.08.031","article-title":"Node selection optimization for collaborative beamforming in wireless sensor networks","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2684187","article-title":"Multiobjective beampattern optimization in collaborative beamforming via NSGA-II with selective distance","volume":"65","author":"Jayaprakasam","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2019323","article-title":"A parallel simulated annealing architecture for model updating in wireless sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2007.900837","article-title":"A simulated annealing-based multiobjective optimization algorithm: AMOSA","volume":"12","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2504600","article-title":"Beamforming for millimeter wave communications: An inclusive survey","volume":"18","author":"Kutty","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.4785387","article-title":"Distributed transmit beamforming: challenges and recent progress","volume":"47","author":"Mudumbai","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchli, B., Sutton, F., and Beutel, J. (2012, January 15\u201317). GPS-equipped wireless sensor network node for high-accuracy positioning applications. Proceedings of the European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks, Trento, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28169-3_12"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.889","article-title":"A study on wireless sensor network based indoor positioning systems for context-aware applications","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328154","article-title":"Millimeter wave channel modeling and cellular capacity evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Akdeniz","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2783541","article-title":"Millimeter-wave communications: Physical channel models, design considerations, antenna constructions and link-budget","volume":"20","author":"Hemadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2520930","article-title":"Hierarchical codebook design for beamforming training in millimeter-wave communication","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Laarhoven, P.J., and Aarts, E.H. (1987). Simulated Annealing: Theory and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7744-1"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"33","article-title":"Adaptive simulated annealing (ASA): Lessons learned","volume":"25","author":"Ingber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Control Cybern."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2009.0431","article-title":"Modelling and measurements of millimetre wavelength propagation in urban environments","volume":"4","author":"Ivrissimtzis","year":"2010","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0548(97)00054-3","article-title":"A systematic procedure for setting parameters in simulated annealing algorithms","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. Operat. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602068","article-title":"A survey of simulated annealing as a tool for single and multiobjective optimization","volume":"57","author":"Suman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/633\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:30:38Z","timestamp":1760185838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/3\/633"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s19030633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19030633","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,2]]}}}