{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T07:24:34Z","timestamp":1772954674580,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA8750-16-2-0188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA8750-16-2-0188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Millions of users share images and videos generated by mobile devices with different profiles on social media platforms. When publishing illegal content, they prefer to use anonymous profiles. Multimedia Forensics allows us to determine whether videos or images have been captured with the same device, and thus, possibly, by the same person. Currently, the most promising technology to achieve this task exploits unique traces left by the camera sensor into the visual content. However, image and video source identification are still treated separately from one another. This approach is limited and anachronistic, if we consider that most of the visual media are today acquired using smartphones that capture both images and videos. In this paper we overcome this limitation by exploring a new approach that synergistically exploits images and videos to study the device from which they both come. Indeed, we prove it is possible to identify the source of a digital video by exploiting a reference sensor pattern noise generated from still images taken by the same device. The proposed method provides performance comparable with or even better than the state-of-the-art, where a reference pattern is estimated from video frames. Finally, we show that this strategy is effective even in the case of in-camera digitally stabilized videos, where a non-stabilized reference is not available, thus solving the limitations of the current state-of-the-art. We also show how this approach allows us to link social media profiles containing images and videos captured by the same sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T03:03:05Z","timestamp":1549422185000},"page":"649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Hybrid reference-based Video Source Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5501-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Iuliani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"FORLAB\u2014Multimedia Forensics Laboratory, PIN Scrl, 59100 Prato, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0630-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fontani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amped Software, Loc. Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2753-366X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasara","family":"Shullani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3047-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Piva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"FORLAB\u2014Multimedia Forensics Laboratory, PIN Scrl, 59100 Prato, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Peterson, T. (2019, January 22). Facebook Users Are Posting 75% More Videos Than Last Year. 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