{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T02:17:53Z","timestamp":1773454673871,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,10]],"date-time":"2019-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Outstanding Innovation Scholarship for Doctoral Candidate of \u201cDouble First Rate\u201d Construction Disciplines of CUMT"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The radio map construction is usually time-consuming and labor-sensitive in indoor fingerprinting localization. We propose a fast construction method by using an adaptive path loss model interpolation. Received signal strength (RSS) fingerprints are collected at sparse reference points by using multiple smartphones based on crowdsourcing. Then, the path loss model of an access point (AP) can be built with several reference points by the least squares method in a small area. Afterwards, the RSS value can be calculated based on the constructed model and corresponding AP\u2019s location. In the small area, all models of detectable APs can be built. The corresponding RSS values can be estimated at each interpolated point for forming the interpolated fingerprints considering RSS loss, RSS noise and RSS threshold. Through combining all interpolated and sparse reference fingerprints, the radio map of the whole area can be obtained. Experiments are conducted in corridors with a length of 211 m. To evaluate the performance of RSS estimation and positioning accuracy, inverse distance weighted and Kriging interpolation methods are introduced for comparing with the proposed method. Experimental results show that our proposed method can achieve the same positioning accuracy as complete manual radio map even with the interval of 9.6 m, reducing 85% efforts and time of construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T03:18:20Z","timestamp":1549941500000},"page":"712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Fast Radio Map Construction by using Adaptive Path Loss Model Interpolation in Large-Scale Building"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2964-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingxue","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NASG Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1903-242X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunjia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASG Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Zengke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Shenglei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Jiapeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Minghao","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, J., Wang, Y., Li, X., Qi, H., Cao, H., and Xu, S. 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