{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T05:37:26Z","timestamp":1775281046343,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51675408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51675408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2015jcyjBX0066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2015jcyjBX0066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007957","name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJ1704108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ1704108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007957","name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJ1600428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ1600428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wear debris in lube oil was observed using a direct reflection online visual ferrograph (OLVF) to monitor the machine running condition and judge wear failure online. The existing research has mainly concentrated on extraction of wear debris concentration and size according to ferrograms under transmitted light. Reports on the segmentation algorithm of the wear debris ferrograms under reflected light are lacking. In this paper, a wear debris segmentation algorithm based on edge detection and contour classification is proposed. The optimal segmentation threshold is obtained by an adaptive canny algorithm, and the contour classification filling method is applied to overcome the problems of excessive brightness or darkness of some wear debris that is often neglected by traditional segmentation algorithms such as the Otsu and Kittler algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T03:18:20Z","timestamp":1549941500000},"page":"723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Wear Debris Segmentation Method for Direct Reflection Online Visual Ferrography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Song","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Manufacture, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Manufacture, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiufei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Manufacture, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Manufacture, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theory of Lubrication and Bearing Institute, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design &amp; Rotor-Bearing Systems, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2074-2592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Manufacture, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2006.11.029","article-title":"Prediction of surface features of wear components based on surface characteristics of wear debris","volume":"263","author":"Yuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.09.012","article-title":"Size distribution analysis of wear debris generated in HEMM engine oil for reliability assessment: A statistical approach","volume":"131","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-679X(00)00074-8","article-title":"Quantitative correlation of wear debris morphology: Grouping and classification","volume":"33","author":"Cho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tribol. 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