{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T21:46:47Z","timestamp":1762033607214,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"Institute for Information and communications Technology Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-0-00781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-0-00781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study describes a three-dimensional visualization system with spatial information for the effective control of a tele-operated robot. The environmental visualization system for operating the robot is very important. The tele-operated robot performs tasks in a disaster area that is not accessible to humans. The visualization system should perform in real-time to cope with rapidly changing situations. The visualization system should also provide accurate and high-level information so that the tele-operator can make the right decisions. The proposed system consists of four fisheye cameras and a 360\u00b0 laser scanner. When the robot moves to the unknown space, a spatial model is created using the spatial information data of the laser scanner, and a single-stitched image is created using four images from cameras and mapped in real-time. The visualized image contains the surrounding spatial information; hence, the tele-operator can not only grasp the surrounding space easily, but also knows the relative position of the robot in space. In addition, it provides various angles of view without moving the robot or sensor, thereby coping with various situations. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a more natural appearance than the conventional methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T02:49:44Z","timestamp":1550026184000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Three-Dimensional Visualization System with Spatial Information for Navigation of Tele-Operated Robots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6699-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul KR 08826, Korea"},{"name":"Intelligent Robotics Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Bucheon KR 14502, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chansung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Robotics Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Bucheon KR 14502, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5062-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeheung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul KR 08826, Korea"},{"name":"Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon KR16229, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, W., Hu, J., Xu, H., Ye, C., Ye, X., and Li, Z. 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