{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:33:25Z","timestamp":1760240005119,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in Japan under the project name of Strategic Information and Communications R&amp;D Promotion Programme (SCOPE)","award":["175104004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["175104004"]}]},{"name":"KAKENHI, Japan","award":["17H03264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H03264"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the applications of the internet of things are becoming widely diversified, wireless sensor networks require real-time data reception, accommodation of access from several sensors, and low power consumption. In physical wireless parameter conversion sensor networks (PhyC-SN), all the sensors use frequency shift keying as the modulation scheme and then access the channel to the fusion center, simultaneously. As a result, the fusion center can recognize the statistical tendency of all the sensing results at a time from the frequency spectrum of the received signal. However, the information source, i.e., the sensor, cannot be specified from the received signal because no ID-indicating sensor is inserted to the signal. The data-tracking technique for tracing the time continuity of the sensing results is available for decomposing the sequence of the sensing results per sensor but the error tracking, which is a wrong recognition between the sensing results and the sensor, occurs owing to the similarity of the sensing results. This paper proposes the sensing result separation technique using a fractional carrier frequency offset (CFO) for PhyC-SN. In the proposed scheme, the particular fractional CFO is assigned to each user and it is useful for the ID specifying sensor. The fractional CFO causes inter-carrier interference (ICI). The ICI cancellation of the narrowband wireless communications is proposed. The two types of data-tracking techniques are proposed and are selectively used by the fusion center. Since the proposed data-tracking technique is multi-dimensional, high accuracy of data tracking is achieved even under the similar tendency of the sensing results. Based on computer simulation, we elucidate the advantage of the proposed sensing results separation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T03:21:46Z","timestamp":1550114506000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ID Insertion and Data Tracking with Frequency Offset for Physical Wireless Parameter Conversion Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3221-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamu","family":"Takyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiichiro","family":"Shirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7886-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeo","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center (AWCC), The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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