{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T18:53:16Z","timestamp":1773946396825,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61601342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61601342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51772030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51772030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["2016ZDJC-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZDJC-07"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project","award":["2017BSHYDZZ36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017BSHYDZZ36"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFB0100204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0100204"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electronic skin with high sensitivity, rapid response, and long-term stability has great value in robotics, biomedicine, and in other fields. However, electronic skin still has challenges in terms of sensitivity and response time. In order to solve this problem, flexible electronic skin with high sensitivity and the fast response was proposed, based on piezoresistive graphene films. The electronic skin was a pressure sensor array, composed of a     4 \u00d7 4     tactile sensing unit. Each sensing unit contained three layers: The underlying substrate (polyimide substrate), the middle layer (graphene\/polyethylene terephthalate film), and the upper substrate bump (polydimethylsiloxane). The results of the measurement and analysis experiments, designed in this paper, indicated that the flexible electronic skin achieved a positive resistance characteristic in the range of 0 kPa\u2013600 kPa, a sensitivity of     10.80  \u03a9    \/kPa in the range of 0 kPa\u20134 kPa, a loading response time of 10 ms, and a spatial resolution of 5 mm. In addition, the electronic skin realized shape detection on a regular-shaped object, based on the change in the resistance value of each unit. The high sensitivity flexible electronic skin designed in this paper has important application prospects in medical diagnosis, artificial intelligence, and other fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]],"date-time":"2019-02-17T22:11:50Z","timestamp":1550441510000},"page":"794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["High Sensitivity Flexible Electronic Skin Based on Graphene Film"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3545-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaozhou","family":"L\u00fc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Space Physics Laboratory, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5997","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302240","article-title":"25th Anniversary Article: The Evolution of Electronic Skin (E-Skin): A Brief History, Design Considerations, and Recent Progress","volume":"25","author":"Hammock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602790","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201602790","article-title":"AFlexible Sensing Electronics for Wearable\/Attachable Health Monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15331","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b19511","article-title":"Self-Healing Electronic Materials for a Smart and Sustainable Future","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2018.05.044","article-title":"Flexible, conductive, and highly pressure-sensitive graphene-polyimide foam for pressure sensor application","volume":"164","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi, C., Sun, X.G., Xue, N., Li, T., and Liu, C. (2018). Recent Progress in Technologies for Tactile Sensors. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18040948"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b01805","article-title":"Flexible Ferroelectric Sensors with Ultrahigh Pressure Sensitivity and Linear Response over Exceptionally Broad Pressure Range","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605973","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201605973","article-title":"An Ultrasensitive, Visco-Poroelastic Artificial Mechanotransducer Skin Inspired by Piezo2 Protein in Mammalian Merkel Cells","volume":"29","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600356","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201600356","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensor Based on Bioinspired Porous Structure for Real-Time Tactile Sensing","volume":"2","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB01063C","article-title":"Wearable and flexible sensors for user-interactive health-monitoring devices","volume":"6","author":"Ha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1039\/C4MH00147H","article-title":"Advances of flexible pressure sensors toward artificial intelligence and health care applications","volume":"2","author":"Zang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7956","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2855691","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Interfacial Stress Sensor Based on Graphene Foam","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2650860","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Interfacial Stress Decoupling Method for Rehabilitation Therapy Robot","volume":"64","author":"Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16521","article-title":"Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis","volume":"529","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260318","article-title":"Electronic dura mater for long-term multimodal neural interfaces","volume":"347","author":"Minev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4671","article-title":"Pursuing prosthetic electronic skin","volume":"15","author":"Chortos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2014.09.008","article-title":"Artificial skin and tactile sensing for socially interactive robots: A review","volume":"63","author":"Tawil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600455","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201600455","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Bendable Capacitive Pressure Sensor and Its Application to 1 V Operation Pressure-Sensitive Transistor","volume":"3","author":"Joo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.184","article-title":"Skin-like pressure and strain sensors based on transparent elastic films of carbon nanotubes","volume":"6","author":"Lipomi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115502","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aaa855","article-title":"A wearable pressure sensor based on ultra-violet\/ozone microstructured carbon nanotube\/polydimethylsiloxane arrays for electronic skins","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4132","article-title":"A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires","volume":"5","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400918","article-title":"Transparent, Low-Power Pressure Sensor Matrix Based on Coplanar-Gate Graphene Transistors","volume":"26","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26458","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b08172","article-title":"Flexible, Highly Sensitive, and Wearable Pressure and Strain Sensors with Graphene Porous Network Structure","volume":"8","author":"Pang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25463","DOI":"10.3390\/s151025463","article-title":"Piezoresistive Tactile Sensor Discriminating Multidirectional Forces","volume":"15","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/4\/794\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:32:25Z","timestamp":1760185945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/4\/794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s19040794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19040794","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]]}}}