{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:26:07Z","timestamp":1773033967632,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]],"date-time":"2019-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increase of extreme weather events, the frequency and severity of urban flood events in the world are increasing drastically. Therefore, this study develops ARMT (automatic combined ground weather radar and CCTV (Closed Circuit Television System) images for real-time flood monitoring), which integrates real-time ground radar echo images and automatically estimates a rainfall hotspot according to the cloud intensity. Furthermore, ARMT combines CCTV image capturing, analysis, and Fourier processing, identification, water level estimation, and data transmission to provide real-time warning information. Furthermore, the hydrograph data can serve as references for relevant disaster prevention, and response personnel may take advantage of them and make judgements based on them. The ARMT was tested through historical data input, which showed its reliability to be between 83% to 92%. In addition, when applied to real-time monitoring and analysis (e.g., typhoon), it had a reliability of 79% to 93%. With the technology providing information about both images and quantified water levels in flood monitoring, decision makers can quickly better understand the on-site situation so as to make an evacuation decision before the flood disaster occurs as well as discuss appropriate mitigation measures after the disaster to reduce the adverse effects that flooding poses on urban areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]],"date-time":"2019-02-17T22:11:50Z","timestamp":1550441510000},"page":"825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Integrate Weather Radar and Monitoring Devices for Urban Flooding Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Yen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, No.1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Rd., Dashu District, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tai-Been","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Rd., Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, No.1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Rd., Dashu District, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyh-Horng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for High-Performance Computing, No. 7, R&amp;D 6th Rd., Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Chieh","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Ecological Engineering, I-Shou University, No.1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Rd., Dashu District, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-011-0082-5","article-title":"Impact of Climate Change on Extreme Rainfall Events and Flood Risk in India","volume":"120","author":"Guhathakurta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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