{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T21:59:39Z","timestamp":1774475979727,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shanxi Province","award":["201803D121094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803D121094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A thin film of polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) has good flexibility and simple preparation process. More importantly, compared with PVDF, its piezoelectric \u03b2-phase can be easily formed without mechanical stretching. However, its piezoelectricity is relatively lower. Therefore, at present, PVDF-TrFE is always compounded with other kinds of piezoelectric materials to solve this problem. The effect of nano-ZnO doping amount on the sensing characteristics of the piezoelectric films was studied. PVDF-TrFE\/nano-ZnO films with different nano-ZnO contents were prepared by spin coating process and packaged. The dispersion of nano-ZnO dopants and the crystallinity of \u03b2-phase in piezoelectric films with different nano-ZnO contents were observed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, and the piezoelectric strain constants and dielectric constants were measured, respectively. The effect of different nano-ZnO contents on the output performance of the piezoelectric sensor was obtained by a series of impact experiments. The results show that the piezoelectric strain constant and dielectric constant can be increased by doping nano-ZnO in PVDF-TrFE. Moreover, the doping amount of nano-ZnO in PVDF-TrFE is of great significance for improving the piezoelectric properties of PVDF-TrFE\/nano-ZnO thin films. Among the prepared piezoelectric films, the output voltage of PVDF-TrFE\/nano-ZnO piezoelectric sensor with 7.5% nano-ZnO doping amount is about 5.5 times that of pure PVDF-TrFE. Thus, the optimal range of the doping amount for nano-ZnO is about 4\u201310%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T04:08:20Z","timestamp":1550549300000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Highly Sensitive Impact Sensor Based on PVDF-TrFE\/Nano-ZnO Composite Thin Film"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4694-5926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechatronic Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechatronic Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Chunmao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechatronic Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5715-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Xinzhe","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechatronic Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galvan, L.R., Ruiz, R.R., and Gomez, E.S. (2006, January 6\u20138). C-Mode Ultrasonic System Based in Piezoelectric Ceramics and PVDF Polymers for Several Acoustic Impedances. Proceedings of the 2006 3rd International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Veracruz, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEE.2006.251930"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9210","DOI":"10.3390\/s150409210","article-title":"Using Silver Nano-Particle Ink in Electrode Fabrication of High Frequency Copolymer Ultrasonic Transducers: Modeling and Experimental Investigation","volume":"15","author":"Decharat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12026","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/12\/12\/P12026","article-title":"A transmission and reflection coupled ultrasonic process tomography based on cylindrical miniaturized transducers using PVDF films","volume":"12","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.7776\/ASK.2014.33.2.102","article-title":"Effect of a Bonding Layer between Electrodes on the Performance of a \u03bb\/4 -Mode PVDF Ultrasound Transducer","volume":"33","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Korea"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Saygh, A., Ponnamma, D., Almaadeed, M., Poornima, V.P., Karim, A., and Hassan, M. (2017). Flexible Pressure Sensor Based on PVDF Nanocomposites Containing Reduced Graphene Oxide-Titania Hybrid Nanolayers. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9020033"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.02.012","article-title":"Highly sensitive, wearable and wireless pressure sensor using free-standing ZnO nanoneedle\/PVDF hybrid thin film for heart rate monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Jel, S.S., Sharma, T., Lee, Y., Gill, B., and Zhang, J.X. (2015, January 18\u201322). A thin-film piezoelectric PVDF-TrFE based implantable pressure sensor using lithographic patterning. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Estoril, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/24\/47\/475501","article-title":"Characteristics of a pressure sensitive touch sensor using a piezoelectric PVDF-TrFE\/MoS2 stack","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0708-z","article-title":"Flexible Thin-Film PVDF-TrFE Based Pressure Sensor for Smart Catheter Applications","volume":"41","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-014-8911-4","article-title":"Structural impact on piezoelectricity in PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) thin films","volume":"118","author":"Strashilov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b09502","article-title":"Enhanced Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Performance of Flexible PVDF-TrFE Bilayer Films with Graphene Oxide","volume":"8","author":"Bhavanasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Chen, D., Sharma, T., Chen, Y., Fu, X., and Zhang, J.X.J. (2013, January 7\u201310). Gold nanoparticles doped flexible PVDF-TrFE energy harvester. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Nano\/micro Engineered and Molecular Systems, Suzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2015.07.006","article-title":"Enhanced energy harvesting based on surface morphology engineering of P(VDF-TrFE) film","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1557\/adv.2017.397","article-title":"PVDF-TrFE Electroactive Polymer Mechanical-to-Electrical Energy Harvesting Experimental Bimorph Structure","volume":"2","author":"Kaval","year":"2017","journal-title":"MRS Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.03.023","article-title":"Energy harvesting performance of piezoelectric electrospun polymer fibers and polymer\/ceramic composites","volume":"196","author":"Sencadas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2014.04.016","article-title":"Flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator made of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) thin film","volume":"7","author":"Pi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2015.2457782","article-title":"MEMS Scale PVDF-TrFE-Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters","volume":"24","author":"Toprak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.11.012","article-title":"An electrospun PVDF-TrFe fiber sensor platform for biological applications","volume":"222","author":"Beringer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.10.021","article-title":"Development of a piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer-based sensor patch for simultaneous heartbeat and respiration monitoring","volume":"189","author":"Chiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, S.H., and Yun, J.S. (2018). Fabrication and Characterization of Aligned Flexible Lead-Free Piezoelectric Nanofibers for Wearable Device Applications. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8040206"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.07.033","article-title":"All-solid-state flexible self-charging power cell basing on piezo-electrolyte for harvesting\/storing body-motion energy and powering wearable electronics","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, S., Lorenzelli, L., and Dahiya, R. (2017). Multifunctional flexible PVDF-TrFE\/BaTiO3 based tactile sensor for touch and temperature monitoring. IEEE Sens., 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2017.8234096"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.23443","article-title":"Process influences on the structure, piezoelectric, and gas-barrier properties of PVDF-TrFE copolymer","volume":"52","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polymer Sci. B Polymer Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.04.070","article-title":"Influence of cluster size and surface functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles on the morphology, thermomechanical and piezoelectric properties of P(VDF-TrFE) nanocomposite films","volume":"279","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.01.062","article-title":"Mechanical and electrical characterization of PVDF-ZnO hybrid structure for application to nanogenerator","volume":"33","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.04.056","article-title":"Investigation of PVDF-TrFE composite with nanofillers for sensitivity improvement","volume":"245","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.4096","article-title":"Enhanced \u03b2-phase in PVDF polymer nanocomposite and its application for nanogenerator","volume":"29","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polymers Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"035","article-title":"Piezoelectric and optoelectronic properties of electrospinning hybrid PVDF and ZnO nanofibers","volume":"5","author":"Jian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2182043","article-title":"Piezoelectric Characterization of PVDF-TrFE Thin Films Enhanced with ZnO Nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Dodds","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.08.266","article-title":"Enhanced piezoelectric output of the PVDF-TrFE\/ZnO flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator by surface modification","volume":"463","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.09.004","article-title":"Dielectric properties and thermal conductivity of PVDF reinforced with three types of Zn particles","volume":"79","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Analysis of actor to piezoelectricity of 0\u20133 piezo-composite","volume":"1","author":"Luo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"48","article-title":"Improvement of Yamada Model of 0\u20133 Type Piezo-composites","volume":"3","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Jianghan Univ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2013.12.1.055","article-title":"Piezoelectric nanocomposite sensors assembled using zinc oxide nanoparticles and poly(vinylidene fluoride)","volume":"12","author":"Dodds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"005","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerator as self-powered impact sensor","volume":"148","author":"Cristobal","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8669","DOI":"10.3390\/s130708669","article-title":"Dependence of the impact response of polyvinylidene fluoride sensors on their supporting materials\u2019 elasticity","volume":"13","author":"Jia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/4\/830\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:32:49Z","timestamp":1760185969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/4\/830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s19040830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19040830","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]}}}