{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:43:27Z","timestamp":1774421007644,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6157073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6157073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we study the offloading decision of collaborative task execution between platoon and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) server. The mobile application is represented by a series of fine-grained tasks that form a linear topology, each of which is either executed on a local vehicle, offloaded to other members of the platoon, or offloaded to a MEC server. The objective of the design is to minimize the cost of tasks offloading and meets the deadline of tasks execution. The cost minimized task decision problem is transformed into the shortest path problem, which is limited by the deadline of the tasks on a directed acyclic graph. The classical Lagrangian Relaxation-based Aggregated Cost (LARAC) algorithm is adopted to solve the problem approximately. Numerical analysis shows that the scheduling method of the tasks decision can be well applied to the platoon scenario and execute the tasks in cooperation with the MEC server. In addition, compared with task local execution, platoon execution and MEC server execution, the optimal offloading decision for collaborative task execution can significantly reduce the cost of task execution and meet deadlines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T04:08:20Z","timestamp":1550549300000},"page":"847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Minimum-Cost Offloading for Collaborative Task Execution of MEC-Assisted Platooning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xiayan","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Labs of Mobile Communications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5762-1516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taiping","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Labs of Mobile Communications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Labs of Mobile Communications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6868-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianbin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Labs of Mobile Communications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung Sup","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Beck, M.T., Werner, M., Feld, S., and Schimper, T. (2014, January 16\u201320). Mobile Edge Computing: A Taxonomy. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Advances in Future Internet, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, M., Song, J., Yang, P., and Tang, Y. (2017, January 26\u201328). Distributed adaptive sliding mode control for vehicle platoon with uncertain driving resistance. Proceedings of the 2017 36th Chinese Control Conference (CCC), Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/ChiCC.2017.8028855"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2598873","article-title":"Safety in Vehicle Platooning: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"18","author":"Axelsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Zaher, M., Dafflon, B., Contet, J.-M., and Gechter, F. (2012, January 4\u20136). Vehicle Platoon Control with Multi-configuration Ability. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS 2012), Omaha, NE, USA.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2012.04.165"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Wang, L. (2010, January 26\u201328). The Embedded ARM user Program design of Vehicle Terminal. Proceedings of the 2010 The 2nd International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering (ICCAE), Singapore."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700467","article-title":"5G for Vehicular Communications","volume":"56","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2745201","article-title":"A Survey on Mobile Edge Computing: The Communication Perspective","volume":"19","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemp, R., Palmer, T., Kielmann, T., Seinstra, F., Drost, N., Maassen, J., and Bal, H. eyeDentify: Multimedia Cyber Foraging from a Smartphone. Proceedings of the 2009 11th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISM.2009.21"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2696539","article-title":"Energy-efficient resource allocation for mobile edge computing-based augmented reality applications","volume":"6","author":"Simeone","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2017, September 10). TR22.885 V14.0.0. Study on LTE support for Vehicle to Everything (V2X) services. Available online: https:\/\/www.tech-invite.com\/3m22\/tinv-3gpp-22-885.html."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Li, Y., and Hou, R. (2017, January 19\u201322). A Novel Mobile Edge Computing-Based Architecture for Future Cellular Vehicular Networks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925830"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2015.2487344","article-title":"Efficient Multi-User Computation Offloading for Mobile Edge Cloud Computing","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.82","article-title":"The Case for VM-Based Cloudlets in Mobile Computing","volume":"8","author":"Satyanarayanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jararweh, Y., Doulat, A., Darabseh, A., Alsmirat, M., Al-Ayyoub, M., and Benkhelifa, E. (2016, January 4\u20138). SDMEC: Software Defined System for Mobile Edge Computing. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering Workshop (IC2EW), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IC2EW.2016.45"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen, O. (2015, January 9\u201311). Streaming at the Edge: Local Service Concepts Utilizing Mobile Edge Computing. Proceedings of the 2015 9th International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services and Technologies, Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/NGMAST.2015.35"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"3571","article-title":"Offloading in Mobile Edge Computing: Task Allocation and Computational Frequency Scaling","volume":"65","author":"Dinh","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Mao, Y., Leng, S., Maharjan, S., and Zhang, Y. (2017, January 21\u201325). Optimal delay constrained offloading for vehicular edge computing networks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7997360"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, M., Cao, J., and Yang, L. (May, January 27). Heuristic offloading of concurrent tasks for computation-intensive applications in mobile cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2014.6849257"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Wen, Y., and Wu, D.O. (2013, January 14\u201319). Energy-efficient scheduling policy for collaborative execution in mobile cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE INFOCOM, Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6566761"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2014.2387688","article-title":"Just-in-time code offloading for wearable computing","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Topics Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2531047","article-title":"Adaptive receding horizon offloading strategy under dynamic environment","volume":"20","author":"Lyu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5596","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2479942","article-title":"Performance Analysis of Connectivity Probability and Connectivity-Aware MAC Protocol Design for Platoon-Based VANETs","volume":"64","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2013.10.006","article-title":"On the network connectivity of platoon-based vehicular cyber-physical systems","volume":"40","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2016.2632418","article-title":"Better Platooning Control Toward Autonomous Driving: An LTE Device-to-Device Communications Strategy That Meets Ultralow Latency Requirements","volume":"12","author":"Campolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, C., Leng, S., Zhang, Y., Vinel, A., and Jonsson, M. (2014, January 4\u20138). Analysis of connectivity probability in platoon-based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2014 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Nicosia, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2014.6906442"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaksari, M., and Fischione, C. (2012, January 2\u20134). Performance analysis and optimization of the joining protocol for a platoon of vehicles. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCCSP.2012.6217873"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"4268","article-title":"Mobile-Edge Computing: Partial Computation Offloading Using Dynamic Voltage Scaling","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2018, December 08). IEEE Std. 802.11p: Standard for Information Technology-Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems-Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments. Available online: https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/project\/802_11bb.html."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2018, December 08). RP-161894. LTE-based V2X Services, 3GPP. Available online: https:\/\/portal.3gpp.org\/ngppapp\/CreateTdoc.aspx?mode=view&contributionId=730345."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2094632","article-title":"Path loss modeling for vehicle-to-vehicle communications","volume":"60","author":"Karedal","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2593486","article-title":"Multiuser Joint Task Offloading and Resource Optimization in Proximate Clouds","volume":"66","author":"Lyu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1109\/49.536364","article-title":"Quality-of-service routing for supporting multimedia applications","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Juttner, A., Szviatovski, B., Mecs, I., and Rajko, Z. (2001, January 22\u201326). Lagrange relaxation based method for the QoS routing problem. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society, Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1109\/90.993305","article-title":"Heuristic algorithms for multiconstrained quality-of-service routing","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Networking"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"J\u00fcttner, A. (2005, January 3\u20136). On resource constrained optimization problems. Proceedings of the 4th Japanese-Hungarian Symposium on Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Miettinen, A.P., and Nurminen, J.K. (2010, January 22\u201325). Energy efficiency of mobile clients in cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX conference on Hot topics in cloud computing, Berkeley, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Widyono, R. (1994). The Design and Evaluation of Routing Algorithms for Realtime Channels, University of California. Technical Report TR-94-024."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/4\/847\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:33:01Z","timestamp":1760185981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/4\/847"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s19040847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19040847","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]}}}