{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T16:52:34Z","timestamp":1767372754225,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"H2020, ECSEL-04-2015-Smart Health","award":["692470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["692470"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional infrared imaging (fIRI) is a validated procedure to infer autonomic arousal. Currently, fIRI signals are analysed through descriptive metrics, such as average temperature changes in a region of interest (ROI). However, the employment of mathematical models could provide a powerful tool for the accurate identification of autonomic activity and investigation of the mechanisms underlying autonomic arousal. A linear temporal statistical model such as the general linear model (GLM) is particularly suited for its simplicity and direct interpretation. In order to apply the GLM, the thermal response linearity and time-invariance of fIRI have to be demonstrated, and the thermal impulse response (TIR) needs to be characterized. In this study, the linearity and time-invariance of the thermal response to sympathetic activating stimulation were demonstrated, and the TIR for employment of the GLM was characterized. The performance of the GLM-fIRI was evaluated by comparison with the GLM applied on synchronous measurements of the skin conductance response (SCR). In fact, the GLM-SCR is a validated procedure to estimate autonomic arousal. Assuming the GLM-SCR as the gold standard approach, a GLM-fIRI sensitivity and specificity of 86.4% and 75.9% were obtained. The GLM-fIRI may allow increased performances in the evaluation of autonomic activity and a broader range of application of fIRI in both research and clinical settings for the assessment of psychophysiological and psychopathological states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]],"date-time":"2019-02-20T03:05:52Z","timestamp":1550631952000},"page":"849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Modelling Impulse Response Function of Functional Infrared Imaging for General Linear Model Analysis of Autonomic Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1903-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Perpetuini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Cardone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Filippini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5347-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Maria","family":"Chiarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"given":"Arcangelo","family":"Merla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardone, D., and Merla, A. (2017). New frontiers for applications of thermal infrared imaging devices: Computational psychopshysiology in the neurosciences. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051042"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5674\/jjppp1983.13.29","article-title":"The relationship between nasal skin temperature and subjective state under white noise presentation","volume":"13","author":"Yhoshida","year":"1995","journal-title":"Jnp. J. Physiol. Psychol. 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