{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:41:06Z","timestamp":1768340466797,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this project, we have studied the use of electrical impedance cardiography as a possible method for measuring blood pulse wave velocity, and hence be an aid in the assessment of the degree of arteriosclerosis. Using two different four-electrode setups, we measured the timing of the systolic pulse at two locations, the upper arm and the thorax, and found that the pulse wave velocity was in general higher in older volunteers and furthermore that it was also more heart rate dependent for older subjects. We attribute this to the fact that the degree of arteriosclerosis typically increases with age and that stiffening of the arterial wall will make the arteries less able to comply with increased heart rate (and corresponding blood pressure), without leading to increased pulse wave velocity. In view of these findings, we conclude that impedance cardiography seems to be well suited and practical for pulse wave velocity measurements and possibly for the assessment of the degree of arteriosclerosis. However, further studies are needed for comparison between this approach and reference methods for pulse wave velocity and assessment of arteriosclerosis before any firm conclusions can be drawn.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]],"date-time":"2019-02-20T03:05:52Z","timestamp":1550631952000},"page":"850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Measuring Blood Pulse Wave Velocity with Bioimpedance in Different Age Groups"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shafa","family":"Aria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Yassine","family":"Elfarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Elveg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Gottfridsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Halvor S.","family":"Gr\u00f8naas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Sigve","family":"Harang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2493-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Emil Rolland","family":"Madland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Ivar Bruvik","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Marius Wilhelm","family":"Olstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Tommy Lee","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Anwar Nazih","family":"Shaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind L\u00f8ken","family":"Svenningsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Andre Djupvik","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Emil Holm","family":"Ulvestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Ole Martin","family":"Vister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Morten Bratgjerd","family":"\u00d8vergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5vard","family":"Kalv\u00f8y","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Fred Johan","family":"Pettersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Hans Henrik","family":"Odland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Vegard Munkeby","family":"Joten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind Grannes","family":"Martinsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Tronstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Elvebakk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"\u00d8rjan Gr\u00f8ttem","family":"Martinsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.07.037","article-title":"Normal Vascular Aging: Differential Effects on Wave Reflection and Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity: The Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT)","volume":"46","author":"McEniery","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834fa8b0","article-title":"Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity","volume":"30","author":"Laurent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283633589","article-title":"A review of methods to determine the functional arterial parameters stiffness and resistance","volume":"31","author":"Westerhof","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpw166","article-title":"A Short Insight on 2 Different Aspects of Arterial Stiffness","volume":"30","author":"Safar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000554","article-title":"Aortic wave speed: Two-point and peripheral pressure methods compared with the gold standard","volume":"33","author":"Westerhof","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-015-0086-8","article-title":"Novel Methods for Pulse Wave Velocity Measurement","volume":"35","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.07.014","article-title":"Pulse pressure waveform estimation using distension profiling with contactless optical probe","volume":"36","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200412000-00010","article-title":"Validation of a new non-invasive portable tonometer for determining arterial pressure wave and pulse wave velocity: The PulsePen device","volume":"22","author":"Salvi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-013-9477-y","article-title":"Validation of the new Complior sensor to record pressure signals non-invasively","volume":"27","author":"Sztrymf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000452448","article-title":"Large Artery Stiffness Assessment Using SphygmoCor Technology","volume":"4","author":"Butlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pulse"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282f314f7","article-title":"A new oscillometric method for assessment of arterial stiffness: Comparison with tonometric and piezo-electronic methods","volume":"26","author":"Baulmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1258\/vasc.2011.ra0054","article-title":"Pulse wave velocity and the non-invasive methods used to assess it: Complior, SphygmoCor, Arteriograph and Vicorder","volume":"20","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimnes, S., and Martinsen, \u00d8.G. (2015). Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics, Academic Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411470-8.00011-8"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.5617\/jeb.690","article-title":"Comparison of cardiac time intervals between echocardiography and impedance cardiography at various heart rates","volume":"5","author":"Peters","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electr. Bioimped."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S383","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/29\/6\/S32","article-title":"Method to measure autonomic control of cardiac function using time interval parameters from impedance cardiography","volume":"29","author":"Meijer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/40\/1\/S02","article-title":"Sources of error in tetrapolar impedance measurements on biomaterials and other ionic conductors","volume":"40","author":"Grimnes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12304","article-title":"Pulse Wave Velocity in Four Extremities for Assessing Cardiovascular Risk Using a New Device","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.10.009","article-title":"Clinical measurement of arterial stiffness obtained from noninvasive pressure waveforms","volume":"18","author":"Nichols","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000019132.41066.95","article-title":"Heart Rate: An Important Confounder of Pulse Wave Velocity Assessment","volume":"39","author":"Lantelme","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07462","article-title":"Heart Rate Dependency of Large Artery Stiffness","volume":"68","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1185","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00849.2016","article-title":"Arterial viscoelasticity: Role in the dependency of pulse wave velocity on heart rate in conduit arteries","volume":"312","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(02)00332-5","article-title":"Influences of age and gender on results of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement\u2014A survey of 12\u2008517 subjects","volume":"166","author":"Tomiyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2018.2812222","article-title":"A Multichannel Real-Time Bioimpedance Measurement Device for Pulse Wave Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kusche","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/4\/850\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:33:05Z","timestamp":1760185985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/4\/850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s19040850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19040850","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]}}}