{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:01:38Z","timestamp":1784210498277,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-15-1-2457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-15-1-2457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magneto-elasto-electric (ME) coupling heterostructures, consisting of piezoelectric layers bonded to magnetostrictive ones, provide for a new class of electromagnetic emitter materials on which a portable (area ~ 16 cm2) very low frequency (VLF) transmitter technology could be developed. The proposed ME transmitter functions as follows: (a) a piezoelectric layer is first driven by alternating current AC electric voltage at its electromechanical resonance (EMR) frequency, (b) subsequently, this EMR excites the magnetostrictive layers, giving rise to magnetization change, (c) in turn, the magnetization oscillations result in oscillating magnetic fields. By Maxwell\u2019s equations, a corresponding electric field, is also generated, leading to electromagnetic field propagation. Our hybrid piezoelectric-magnetostrictive transformer can take an input electric voltage that may include modulation-signal over a carrier frequency and transmit via oscillating magnetic field or flux change. The prototype measurements reveal a magnetic dipole like near field, demonstrating its transmission capabilities. Furthermore, the developed prototype showed a 104 times higher efficiency over a small-circular loop of the same area, exhibiting its superiority over the class of traditional small antennas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]],"date-time":"2019-02-20T03:05:52Z","timestamp":1550631952000},"page":"853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["A Low Frequency Mechanical Transmitter Based on Magnetoelectric Heterostructures Operated at Their Resonance Frequency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7975-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junran","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9164-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung Ming","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiefang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhendu","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Volakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dwight","family":"Viehland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2836410","article-title":"Multiferroic magnetoelectric composites: Historical perspective, status, and future directions","volume":"103","author":"Nan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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