{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:33:59Z","timestamp":1760240039080,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Positioning and tracking a moving target from limited positional information is a frequently-encountered problem. For given noisy observations of the target\u2019s position, one wants to estimate the true trajectory and reconstruct the full phase space including velocity and acceleration. The shadowing filter offers a robust methodology to achieve such an estimation and reconstruction. Here, we highlight and validate important merits of this methodology for real-life applications. In particular, we explore the filter\u2019s performance when dealing with correlated or uncorrelated noise, irregular sampling in time and how it can be optimised even when the true dynamics of the system are not known.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T11:26:14Z","timestamp":1550834774000},"page":"931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Optimal Shadowing Filter for a Positioning and Tracking Methodology with Limited Information"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7935-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayham","family":"Zaitouny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 26 Dick Perry Ave, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2485-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Stemler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon Dee","family":"Algar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-Shalom, Y., Li, X.R., and Kirubarajan, T. 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