{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T19:36:52Z","timestamp":1775590612861,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 51505169, No.51675165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 51505169, No.51675165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["SQ2018YFB110170, 2017YFB1103200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ2018YFB110170, 2017YFB1103200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ram speed of a steam hammer is an important parameter that directly affects the forming performance of forgers. This parameter must be monitored regularly in practical applications in industry. Because of the complex and dangerous industrial environment of forging equipment, non-contact measurement methods, such as stereo vision, might be optimal. However, in actual application, the field of view (FOV) required to measure the steam hammer is extremely large, with a value of 2\u20133 m, and heavy steam hammer, at high-speed, usually causes a strong vibration. These two factors combine to sacrifice the accuracy of measurements, and can even cause the failure of measurements. To solve these issues, a bundle-adjustment-principle-based system calibration method is proposed to realize high-accuracy calibration for a large FOV, which can obtain accurate calibration results when the calibration target is not precisely manufactured. To decrease the influence of strong vibration, a stationary world coordinate system was built, and the external parameters were recalibrated during the entire measurement process. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed technique were verified by an experiment to measure the ram speed of a counterblow steam hammer in a die forging device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19050996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T11:00:44Z","timestamp":1551178844000},"page":"996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Stereo-Vision System for Measuring the Ram Speed of Steam Hammers in an Environment with a Large Field of View and Strong Vibrations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ran","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7845-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingjian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Congjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, December 21). Steam Hammer. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Steam_hammer&oldid=867390576."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-6670(17)31107-2","article-title":"Benefits of Acceleration Measurement in Velocity Estimation and Motion Control","volume":"37","author":"Jeon","year":"2004","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9163","DOI":"10.3390\/s101009163","article-title":"A Zero Velocity Detection Algorithm Using Inertial Sensors for Pedestrian Navigation Systems","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12927","DOI":"10.3390\/s121012927","article-title":"Front-Crawl Instantaneous Velocity Estimation Using a Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit","volume":"12","author":"Dadashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"49","article-title":"Accuracy of GPS Devices for Measuring High-intensity Running in Field-based Team Sports","volume":"36","author":"Rampinini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.02.031","article-title":"Accuracy of non-differential GPS for the determination of speed over ground","volume":"37","author":"Witte","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.23.000067","article-title":"Laser Doppler velocimeter for velocity and length measurements of moving surfaces","volume":"23","author":"Truax","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1985.310640","article-title":"Reliability of Velocity Measurement by MTD Radar","volume":"AES-21","author":"Ludloff","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahmouche, R., Ait-Aider, O., Andreff, N., and Mezouar, Y. (2008, January 19\u201323). High-speed pose and velocity measurement from vision. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Pasadena, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2008.4543194"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2005.05.005","article-title":"Laboratory measurement of seed drill seed spacing and velocity of fall of seeds using high-speed camera system","volume":"50","author":"Karayel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ait-Aider, O., Andreff, N., Martinet, P., and Lavest, J. (2006, January 15\u201319). Simultaneous pose and velocity measurement by vision for high-speed robots. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, ICRA 2006, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Pumrin, S., and Dailey, D.J. (2002, January 6). Roadside camera motion detection for automated speed measurement. Proceedings of the Proceedings. In Proceedings of the IEEE 5th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malki, S., Deepak, G., Mohanna, V., Ringhofer, M., and Spaanenburg, L. (2006, January 12\u201314). Velocity Measurement by a Vision Sensor. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Measurement Systems and Applications, La Coruna, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIMSA.2006.250771"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888718","article-title":"A flexible new technique for camera calibration","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1109\/JRA.1987.1087109","article-title":"A versatile camera calibration technique for high-accuracy 3D machine vision metrology using off-the-shelf TV cameras and lenses","volume":"3","author":"Tsai","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE J. Robot. Autom."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Heikkila, J., and Silven, O. (1997, January 17\u201319). A four-step camera calibration procedure with implicit image correction. Proceedings of the Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Juan, PR, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, R., Zhong, K., Li, Z., Liu, M., and Zhan, G. (2016, January 24). An accurate and reliable circular coded target detection algorithm for vision measurement. Proceedings of the Optical Metrology and Inspection for Industrial Applications IV, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2245590"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartley, R., and Zisserman, A. (2004). Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811685"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1137\/0111030","article-title":"An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters","volume":"11","author":"Marquardt","year":"1963","journal-title":"SIAM J. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-008-0152-6","article-title":"EPnP: An Accurate O(n) Solution to the PnP Problem","volume":"81","author":"Lepetit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2018, December 21). MaxSHOT 3D Handheld Optical Coordinate Measuring System | Creaform. Available online: https:\/\/www.creaform3d.com\/en\/metrology-solutions\/optical-measuring-systems-maxshot-3d."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/996\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:34:51Z","timestamp":1760186091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19050996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19050996","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]}}}