{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:31:13Z","timestamp":1761611473703,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cooperative routing is one of the most widely used technologies for improving the energy efficiency and energy balance of wireless multi-hop networks. However, the end-to-end energy cost and network lifetime are greatly restricted if the cooperative transmission model is not designed properly. The main aim of this paper is to explore a two-stage cooperative routing scheme to further improve the energy efficiency and prolong the network lifetime. A two-stage cooperative (TSC) transmission model is firstly designed in which the core helper is introduced to determine the helper set for cooperation. Then, the two-stage link cost is formulated where x, the weight of residual energy, is introduced to be adjusted for different design goals. By selecting the optimal helper set, the two-stage link cost of each link can be optimized. Finally, based on the designed TSC transmission model and the optimized two-stage link cost, a distributed two-stage cooperative routing (TSCR) scheme is further proposed to minimize the end-to-end cooperative routing cost. Simulation results evaluate the effect of x on the different performance metrics. When x equals 0, TSCR can achieve the shortest end-to-end transmission delay and highest energy efficiency, while a larger x can achieve a longer network lifetime. Furthermore, simulation results also show that the proposed TSCR scheme can effectively improve both the energy efficiency and network lifetime compared with the existing schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T11:00:44Z","timestamp":1551178844000},"page":"1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["An Energy-Efficient Two-Stage Cooperative Routing Scheme in Wireless Multi-Hop Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-6651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianming","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"given":"Ningbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"given":"Hongwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328098","article-title":"What Will 5G Be?","volume":"32","author":"Andrews","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2003.09.010","article-title":"A survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"3","author":"Akkaya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw. J."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"279","article-title":"A Survey of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"1","author":"Taneja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Manag. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9750","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2807583","article-title":"Cooperative Communications in Machine to Machine (M2M): Solutions, Challenges and Future Work","volume":"6","author":"Raymond","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2386799","article-title":"Cooperative Routing in Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"17","author":"Mansourkiaie","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2004.1341264","article-title":"Cooperative communication in wireless networks","volume":"42","author":"Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghizadeh, O., Radhakrishnan, V., Alirezaei, G., and Mathar, R. (2016, January 26\u201328). Partial Distributed Beamforming Design in Passive Radar Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), Aachen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2016.7877295"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5673","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2598719","article-title":"Recent Advances in Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1109\/35.925682","article-title":"Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks","volume":"39","author":"Toh","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2007.908538","article-title":"Cooperative Routing in Static Wireless Networks","volume":"55","author":"Khandani","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2010.2089803","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Protocol for Cooperative Networks","volume":"19","author":"Elhawary","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Li, F., Wu, K., and Lippman, A. (2006, January 10\u201312). Energy-Efficient Cooperative Routing in Multi-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Performance Computing and Communications Conference, Phoenix, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.04.003","article-title":"Cross-layer optimization with cooperative communication for minimum power cost in packet error rate constrained wireless sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6448","DOI":"10.3390\/s130506448","article-title":"A novel power efficient location-based cooperative routing with transmission power-upper-limit for wireless sensor networks","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.080611.102189","article-title":"Minimum-Energy Cooperative Routing in Wireless Networks with Channel Variations","volume":"10","author":"Dehghan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02592101","article-title":"Shortest Paths Algorithms: Theory and Experimental Evaluation","volume":"73","author":"Cherkassky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Math. Program."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2650979","article-title":"A Survey of Network Lifetime Maximization Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"19","author":"Yetgin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2004.833122","article-title":"Maximum Lifetime Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandana, C., Siriwongpairat, W.P., Himsoon, T., and Liu, K.J.R. (2006, January 3\u20136). Distributed Cooperative Routing Algorithms for Maximizing Network Lifetime. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (IEEE WCNC 2006), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2006.1683506"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-012-0520-6","article-title":"Energy-balanced cooperative routing in multihop wireless networks","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghizadeh, O., Aorezaei, G., and Mathar, R. (2016, January 26\u201328). Lifetime and Power Consumption Optimization for Distributed Passive Radar Systems. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), Aachen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2016.7877294"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2498","article-title":"Maximise lifetime of wireless sensor networks via a distributed cooperative routing algorithm","volume":"23","author":"Zhai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2017.7927574","article-title":"A VMIMO-Based Cooperative Routing Algorithm for Maximizing Network Lifetime","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Goldsmith, A. (2005). Wireless Communiations, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.1109\/T-WC.2008.070502","article-title":"Distributed energy-efficient cooperative routing in wireless networks","volume":"7","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.4785387","article-title":"Distributed Transmit Beamforming: Challenges and Recent Progress","volume":"47","author":"Mudumbai","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2448089","article-title":"Interference-Aware Cooperative Communication in Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Networks","volume":"65","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1670","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Cooperative Communications for Multimedia Applications in Multi-Channel Wireless Networks","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehghan, M., Ghaderi, M., and Goeckel, D.L. (2010, January 15\u201319). On the performance of Cooperative Routing in Wireless Networks. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (IEEE INFOCOM 2010), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2010.5466614"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghizadeh, O., Sirvi, P., Narasimha, S., Calvo, J.A.L., and Mathar, R. (2018, January 15\u201318). Minimum-cost wireless backhaul network planning with Full-Duplex links. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2018.8377266"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghizadeh, O., Sirvi, P., Narasimha, S., Calvo, J.A.L., and Mathar, R. (arXiv, 2018). Environment-Aware Minimum-Cost Wireless Backhaul Network Planning with Full-Duplex Links, arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2018.8377266"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2643","article-title":"Machine-to-machine communication with long-term evolution with reduced device energy consumption","volume":"24","author":"Tirronen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1002\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:34:58Z","timestamp":1760186098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19051002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19051002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]}}}