{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T11:33:42Z","timestamp":1768736022189,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,3]],"date-time":"2019-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flexible strain sensors have a wide range of applications in biomedical science, aerospace industry, portable devices, precise manufacturing, etc. However, the manufacturing processes of most flexible strain sensors previously reported have usually required high manufacturing costs and harsh experimental conditions. Besides, research interests are often focused on improving a single attribute parameter while ignoring others. This work aims to propose a simple method of manufacturing flexible graphene-based strain sensors with high sensitivity and fast response. Firstly, oxygen plasma treats the substrate to improve the interfacial interaction between graphene and the substrate, thereby improving device performance. The graphene solution is then sprayed using a soft PET mask to define a pattern for making the sensitive layer. This flexible strain sensor exhibits high sensitivity (gauge factor ~100 at 1% strain), fast response (response time: 400\u2013700 \u03bcs), good stability (1000 cycles), and low overshoot (&lt;5%) as well. Those processes used are compatible with a variety of complexly curved substrates and is expected to broaden the application of flexible strain sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T05:45:36Z","timestamp":1551678336000},"page":"1077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A Sprayed Graphene Pattern-Based Flexible Strain Sensor with High Sensitivity and Fast Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"},{"name":"Microsystem and Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6773-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"},{"name":"Microsystem and Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"},{"name":"Microsystem and Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"},{"name":"Microsystem and Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijia","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"},{"name":"Microsystem and Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7675-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"},{"name":"Microsystem and Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.36","article-title":"A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection","volume":"6","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5714","DOI":"10.1021\/nl302959a","article-title":"A novel class of strain gauges based on layered percolative films of 2D materials","volume":"12","author":"Hempel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2013612","article-title":"Semiconductor piezoresistance for microsystems","volume":"97","author":"Barlian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3390\/s7040473","article-title":"Design and development of a flexible strain sensor for textile structures based on a conductive polymer composite","volume":"7","author":"Cochrane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/13\/3\/302","article-title":"Development of polyimide flexible tactile sensor skin","volume":"13","author":"Engel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1021\/nl802367t","article-title":"Flexible piezotronic strain sensor","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201201502","article-title":"Multi-Functional Integration of Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFETs): Advances and Perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Di","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2832","article-title":"Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring","volume":"4","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00230","article-title":"A wearable and highly sensitive graphene strain sensor for precise home-based pulse wave monitoring","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR04521H","article-title":"Scalable fabrication of high-performance and flexible graphene strain sensors","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4683","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400697","article-title":"Inkjet printing short-channel polymer transistors with high-performance and ultrahigh photoresponsivity","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"685","article-title":"New progress in flexible wearable electronics (in Chinese)","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Micronanoelectron. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10867","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b03851","article-title":"Tactile Sensing System Based on Arrays of Graphene Woven Microfabrics: Electromechanical Behavior and Electronic Skin Application","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606066","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201606066","article-title":"Flexible and highly sensitive pressure sensors based on bionic hierarchical structures","volume":"27","author":"Jian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.09.049","article-title":"Graphene as biomedical sensing element: State of art review and potential engineering applications","volume":"134","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B-Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171903","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4919105","article-title":"Bio-inspired mechanics of highly sensitive stretchable graphene strain sensors","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24148","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b07311","article-title":"Ultrafast dynamic pressure sensors based on graphene hybrid structure","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3663969","article-title":"Strain dependent resistance in chemical vapor deposition grown graphene","volume":"99","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26458","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b08172","article-title":"Flexible, highly sensitive, and wearable pressure and strain sensors with graphene porous network structure","volume":"8","author":"Pang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8603","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08603","article-title":"A graphene-based resistive pressure sensor with record-high sensitivity in a wide pressure range","volume":"5","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4507","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b08027","article-title":"Flexible piezoelectric-induced pressure sensors for static measurements based on nanowires\/graphene heterostructures","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201303738","article-title":"Highly Flexible and Adaptable, All-Solid-State Supercapacitors Based on Graphene Woven-Fabric Film Electrodes","volume":"10","author":"Zang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1021\/nl5005916","article-title":"Cost-effective, transfer-free, flexible resistive random access memory using laser-scribed reduced graphene oxide patterning technology","volume":"14","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6252","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b01613","article-title":"Stretchable, transparent, ultrasensitive, and patchable strain sensor for human\u2013machine interfaces comprising a nanohybrid of carbon nanotubes and conductive elastomers","volume":"9","author":"Roh","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5929","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b00599","article-title":"Extremely elastic wearable carbon nanotube fiber strain sensor for monitoring of human motion","volume":"9","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201500582","article-title":"Active Matrix Electronic Skin Strain Sensor Based on Piezopotential-Powered Graphene Transistors","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.1021\/nn501204t","article-title":"Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on silver nanowire-elastomer nanocomposite","volume":"8","author":"Amjadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375501","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/26\/37\/375501","article-title":"Ultra-stretchable and skin-mountable strain sensors using carbon nanotubes\u2013Ecoflex nanocomposites","volume":"26","author":"Amjadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201103406","article-title":"High-strain sensors based on ZnO nanowire\/polystyrene hybridized flexible films","volume":"23","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03048","article-title":"Super-stretchable, transparent carbon nanotube-based capacitive strain sensors for human motion detection","volume":"3","author":"Cai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Huang, R., and Shepherd, R.F. (2016, January 16\u201321). Curvature control of soft orthotics via low cost solid-state optics. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201405864","article-title":"Stretchable thin-film electrodes for flexible electronics with high deformability and stretchability","volume":"27","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5240","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b01505","article-title":"Highly sensitive and stretchable multidimensional strain sensor with prestrained anisotropic metal nanowire percolation networks","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4415","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201505118","article-title":"Recent progress in materials and devices toward printable and flexible sensors","volume":"28","author":"Rim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6610","DOI":"10.1021\/nn202051g","article-title":"Atomic structure of interconnected few-layer graphene domains","volume":"5","author":"Robertson","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.205503","article-title":"Observation of microscale superlubricity in graphite","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1021\/nn305722d","article-title":"Superlubric sliding of graphene nanoflakes on graphene","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"096602","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.096602","article-title":"Breakdown of the interlayer coherence in twisted bilayer graphene","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1021\/nl101469d","article-title":"Nanoscale mapping of electrical resistivity and connectivity in graphene strips and networks","volume":"11","author":"Nirmalraj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1077\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:35:55Z","timestamp":1760186155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19051077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19051077","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,3]]}}}