{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:34:18Z","timestamp":1760240058578,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ele-1789210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ele-1789210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An efficient algorithm for the persistence operation of data routing is crucial due to the uniqueness and challenges of the aqueous medium of the underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UA-WSNs). The existing multi-hop algorithms have a high energy cost, data loss, and less stability due to many forwarders for a single-packet delivery. In order to tackle these constraints and limitations, two algorithms using sink mobility and cooperative technique for UA-WSNs are devised. The first one is sink mobility for reliable and persistence operation (SiM-RPO) in UA-WSNs, and the second is the enhanced version of the SiM-RPO named CoSiM-RPO, which utilizes the cooperative technique for better exchanging of the information and minimizes data loss probability. To cover all of the network through mobile sinks (MSs), the division of the network into small portions is accomplished. The path pattern is determined for MSs in a manner to receive data even from a single node in the network. The MSs pick the data directly from the nodes and check them for the errors. When erroneous data are received at the MS, then the relay cooperates to receive correct data. The proposed algorithm boosts the network lifespan, throughput, delay, and stability more than the existing counterpart schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T03:01:23Z","timestamp":1551754883000},"page":"1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["CoSiM-RPO: Cooperative Routing with Sink Mobility for Reliable and Persistent Operation in Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2876-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munsif","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0300-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anwar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3647-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khursheed","family":"Aurangzeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9549-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ihsan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kualalumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5158-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Irtaza","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Naeem","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004","article-title":"Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges","volume":"3","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Sukhatme, G.S., and Requicha, A.A. 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