{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:31:35Z","timestamp":1775104295330,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research &amp; Development Program of China","award":["2016YFD0300604; 2016YFD0200602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0300604; 2016YFD0200602"]}]},{"name":"the 111 project (B16026) and Science and Technology Support Plan of Jiangsu Province","award":["BE2015310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2015310"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid and effective acquisition of crop growth information is a crucial step of precision agriculture for making in-season management decisions. Active canopy sensor GreenSeeker (Trimble Navigation Limited, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is a portable device commonly used for non-destructively obtaining crop growth information. This study intended to expand the applicability of GreenSeeker in monitoring growth status and predicting grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Four field experiments with multiple wheat cultivars and N treatments were conducted during 2013\u20132015 for obtaining canopy normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and ratio vegetation index (RVI) synchronized with four agronomic parameters: leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter (LDM), leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), and leaf nitrogen accumulation (LNA). Duration models based on NDVI and RVI were developed to monitor these parameters, which indicated that NDVI and RVI explained 80%, 68\u201370%, 10\u201312%, and 67\u201373% of the variability in LAI, LDM, LNC and LNA, respectively. According to the validation results, the relative root mean square error (RRMSE) were all &lt;0.24 and the relative error (RE) were all &lt;23%. Considering the variation among different wheat cultivars, the newly normalized vegetation indices rNDVI (NDVI vs. the NDVI for the highest N rate) and rRVI (RVI vs. the RVI for the highest N rate) were calculated to predict the relative grain yield (RY, the yield vs. the yield for the highest N rate). rNDVI and rRVI explained 77\u201385% of the variability in RY, the RRMSEs were both &lt;0.13 and the REs were both &lt;6.3%. The result demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring growth parameters and predicting grain yield of winter wheat with portable GreenSeeker sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T11:19:50Z","timestamp":1551784790000},"page":"1108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Using a Portable Active Sensor to Monitor Growth Parameters and Predict Grain Yield of Winter Wheat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongchao","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weixing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq311","article-title":"Raising yield potential of wheat. 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