{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:30:59Z","timestamp":1780615859368,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) is the ability to provide everyday devices with a way of identification and another way for communication with each other. The spectrum of IoT application domains is very large including smart homes, smart cities, wearables, e-health, etc. Consequently, tens and even hundreds of billions of devices will be connected. Such devices will have smart capabilities to collect, analyze and even make decisions without any human interaction. Security is a supreme requirement in such circumstances, and in particular authentication is of high interest given the damage that could happen from a malicious unauthenticated device in an IoT system. This paper gives a near complete and up-to-date view of the IoT authentication field. It provides a summary of a large range of authentication protocols proposed in the literature. Using a multi-criteria classification previously introduced in our work, it compares and evaluates the proposed authentication protocols, showing their strengths and weaknesses, which constitutes a fundamental first step for researchers and developers addressing this domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T10:52:22Z","timestamp":1551955942000},"page":"1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":356,"title":["A Survey of Internet of Things (IoT) Authentication Schemes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"El-hajj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sciences and Arts in Lebanon, Beirut 1002, Lebanon"},{"name":"Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1514, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2284-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Fadlallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sciences and Arts in Lebanon, Beirut 1002, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maroun","family":"Chamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1514, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Serhrouchni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecom ParisTech, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-hajj, M., Chamoun, M., Fadlallah, A., and Serhrouchni, A. 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